摘要:为研究化学农药减量下不同栽培管理措施对水稻田间病虫草害发生及水稻干物质生产及产量的影响，进一步明确减少化学农药施用与水稻产量的关系，采用裂区试验设计，主区因素为2种杂草防治方式[浅旋耕作+常规除草剂用量(浅耕)、深耕耕作+减少30%除草剂用量(深耕)]，副区因素为2种病虫防治方式[常规病虫害药剂用量(常规防治)、植物激活蛋白+减少30%病虫害药剂用量(喷施激活蛋白)]，副副区因素为秧苗处理方式(未带药移栽、带药移栽)，分析测定了田间病虫草害发生、水稻干物质积累与转运、产量及构成因素等指标。结果表明：深耕下，分蘖期和灌浆期田间杂草株数和鲜重较浅耕显著降低，螟虫引起的植株白穗率也明显较浅耕低。浅耕方式下水稻植株带药移栽或喷施激活蛋白后叶瘟病发生情况明显降低。在水稻干物质生产方面，病虫防治方式和杂草防治方式显著或极显著影响茎鞘干物质积累，且显著或极显著影响茎鞘干物质输出量、输出率和转化率；杂草方式、秧苗处理和病虫防治3种方式的互作显著影响茎鞘干物质输出率和转化率；喷施激活蛋白后，齐穗期水稻植株的茎鞘干物质量增加4.0%~19.4%；深耕下，成熟期水稻植株的茎鞘干物质量平均增加7.1%，但在齐穗至成熟阶段的茎鞘干物质输出和转化相对较小。相关性分析表明水稻产量与分蘖期和灌浆期杂草发生情况和叶瘟发生呈显著或极显著负相关。此外，在深耕、带药移栽或喷施植物激活蛋白方式下，减少30%的病虫草害药剂用量后水稻产量没有显著变化。表明通过深耕、带药移栽或喷施植物激活蛋白等病虫草害防治方式，能有效减少水稻的化学农药用量，实现水稻稳产增效。
Abstract:A split-field test was conducted to explore how chemical pesticide reduction affects rice yield. Two weed control methods (shallow rotary tillage with conventional herbicide amounts and deep tillage with 30% less herbicide; main factor), two disease and pest control methods (conventional insecticide and fungicide amounts and plant activator protein application with 30% less insecticide and fungicide; sub-plot factor), and two seedling treatment methods (transplanting with and without pesticides; split-split plot factor) were used to investigate rice diseases, pests, weeds, and dry matter production. The results showed that deep tillage significantly decreased the weed numbers and weight compared to the shallow rotary tillage, and the white panicle rate (caused by the borer) was also significantly lowered. Rice plant leaf blast was significantly reduced by using conventional shallow rotary tillage after transplantation with pesticides or the spraying of plant activator protein. Both the weed control methods and the disease and pest control methods had significant effects on the stem sheath dry matter accumulation, and stem sheath dry matter transformation. The interactions between the weed control methods, disease and pest control methods, and seedling treatment methods significantly affected the stem sheath exportation and dry matter transformation. After the plant activator protein application, the stem sheath dry matter increased by 4.0% to 19.4% at the full heading stage. When deep tillage was used, the stem sheath dry matter increased by an average of 7.1%. However, the stem sheath exportation and dry matter transformation decreased from the full heading to maturity stages. Correlation analysis showed that the rice yield was significantly negatively correlated with weeds (tillering and grain-filling stages) and leaf blast (tillering stage). No effect on the rice yield was observed when strategies such as deep tillage, transplantation with pesticides, or the spraying of plant activator protein were employed with 30% less pesticide. These results suggest that the chemical pesticide amount could be reduced during planting by using control methods such as deep tillage, transplantation with pesticides, or the spraying of plant activator protein, and that the rice yield would remain stable.
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