摘要:为完善生猪养殖氮排泄参数体系，准确计算生猪养殖粪尿氮排泄量，本研究通过对生猪养殖全生产周期（繁殖—断奶—生长—育肥）持续开展285 d的全收粪尿法代谢试验，每天记录采食量、粪尿产生量，采集样品测定水分和氮含量，系统性获取了能繁母猪空怀期、妊娠前期、妊娠中期、妊娠后期和哺乳期，以及生长肉猪保育期、生长前期、生长后期和育肥期氮的摄入与排泄参数，并结合生猪生产性能参数计算生猪氮年排泄系数。并基于中国各省生猪养殖统计数据和耕地面积，核算2000—2018年生猪养殖粪尿氮产生量变化及区域分布情况。结果表明：生猪不同生长生理阶段氮摄入量和排泄量差异显著，其中空怀期母猪为72.32 g·d-1和49.42 g·d-1，妊娠前期为55.79 g·d-1和45.36 g·d-1，妊娠中期为56.25 g·d-1和22.27 g·d-1，妊娠后期为72.41 g·d-1和26.36 g·d-1，泌乳期为114.28 g·d-1和38.84 g·d-1，商品猪保育期为22.86 g·d-1和10.96 g·d-1，生长前期为34.87 g·d-1和18.34 g·d-1，生长后期为54.67 g·d-1和34.50 g·d-1，肥育期为55.15 g·d-1和35.79 g·d-1。而且各阶段尿氮排泄量都比粪氮高。商品肉猪和能繁母猪年排泄系数分别为9.00 kg·头-1·a-1和11.75 kg·头-1·a-1。2000—2018年，我国生猪养殖粪尿氮排泄总量呈先增后缓慢下降的趋势，而单位猪肉产品氮排泄量逐年下降，商品肉猪氮排泄量占生猪养殖粪尿氮排泄总量比重达84.03%。四川、河南、湖南、山东是我国生猪养殖氮排泄总量最大的4个省，占全国生猪养殖氮排泄总量的33.67%；而单位耕地面积生猪养殖氮承载负荷最大的省份是福建、广东、湖南、北京、上海。因此，在生猪生产中应根据群体结构和相应的氮排泄系数科学核算其氮排放量，在产业发展规划时要充分考虑环境承载力。
关键词:生猪养殖/
生长生理阶段/
粪尿氮排泄/
氮排泄量/
氮排泄系数
Abstract:The present study aimed to improve the nitrogen (N) excretion parameter system applied to pig breeding to accurately calculate the related manure N excretions. Metabolic assessment of full fecal and urine production in the whole process of pig breading (reproduction-weaning-growth-fattening, for a total of 285 days) were performed in 12 breeding sows (Yorkshire×Landrace) and 12 commercial pigs (Yorkshire×Landrace×Duroc). We recorded the feed intake, fecal and urine production, and collected samples every day for moisture and N content evaluation. The collected data were combined with the pig production performance parameters to calculate the pig breeding-associated annual N excretion coefficient. Lastly, we evaluated changes on N excretion and regional distribution of pig-production based on the statistical data and cultivated land area of different provinces (cities) from 2000 to 2018 in China. The results indicated that pigs had significantly different N intake and excretion at different growth physiological stages, being 72.32 and 49.42 g·d-1 in open days, 55.79 and 45.36 g·d-1 during early pregnancy, 56.25 and 22.27 g·d-1 in mid-gestation, 72.41 and 26.36 g·d-1 in late pregnancy, and 114.28 and 38.84 g·d-1 during lactation, respectively. In commercial pigs, the N intake and excretion was 22.86 and 10.96 g·d-1 in weaning, 34.87 and 18.34 g·d-1 during early growth, 54.67 and 34.50 g·d-1 during late growth, and 55.15 and 35.79 g·d-1 during fattening, respectively. Moreover, urinary N excretion was higher than fecal N excretion at each stage. The annual N excretion coefficient of commercial pigs and sows was 9.00 and 11.75 kg·head-1·a-1, respectively. From 2000 to 2018, the total N excretion from pig breeding in China increased and then gradually decreased; however, the N excretion per unit pork product decreased every year. The N excretion by commercial pigs accounted for the largest proportion of the total manure N, with an average of 84.03%. Sichuan, Henan, Hunan, and Shandong were the top four provinces with the highest N emission, accounting for 33.67% of the total N emission from pig-production in China, whereas the provinces (cities) with the largest N load per unit cultivated area were Fujian, Guangdong, Hunan, Beijing, and Shanghai. Therefore, we should consider the population structure and the corresponding N excretion coefficient when calculating the amount of N emission from pig breeding, and fully consider the environmental carrying capacity when making development plans.
Key words:Pig production/
Growth and physiological stage/
Manure N excretion parameters/
N emission accounting/
N excretion coefficient
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