摘要:探讨不同轮作模式下作物秸秆还田与氮肥运筹对杂交籼稻产量及米质的影响，可为多元化轮作模式下水稻提质丰产增效提供理论基础和实践依据。本研究以杂交籼稻‘F优498’为试材，通过大叶芥菜-水稻、油菜-水稻和小麦-水稻轮作模式下大叶芥菜、油菜、小麦3种前茬作物秸秆还田与不同氮肥运筹（常规施纯氮量为150 kg·hm-2，4：4：2和3：3：4两种基肥：蘖肥：穗肥比例运筹，及根据前茬作物收获后土壤地力水平和斯坦福方程计算施氮量和基肥:蘖肥:穗肥为3：3：4的氮肥运筹）处理，研究前茬作物秸秆还田与氮肥优化配施对杂交籼稻产量及米质的影响，并探讨多元化轮作模式下杂交籼稻提质丰产的调控途径。结果表明，3种轮作模式下作物秸秆还田与氮肥运筹对杂交籼稻产量和米质均存在显著或极显著影响，且两因素对产量、垩白粒率、籽粒蛋白质含量等指标均存在极显著的互作效应。大叶芥菜秸秆（G）分别较油菜秸秆（R）和小麦秸秆（W）还田处理增产1.1%~7.8%、10.5%~19.8%，且大叶芥菜-水稻模式相对其他轮作模式能进一步提高整精米率、降低垩白粒率和改善食味品质。3种轮作模式下水稻季施氮处理均显著高于不施氮处理，且均以N2处理（施氮量150 kg·hm-2，氮肥运筹基肥:蘖肥:穗肥为3：3：4）产量最高，在此基础上3种轮作模式相对于N2处理分别减少氮肥用量16.7%（N-G处理）、30.0%（N-R处理）和16.7%（N-W处理），产量分别减少2.6%、1.7%和5.8%，其中大叶芥菜-水稻、油菜-水稻轮作模式下水稻减产不显著，且可以显著降低稻米垩白粒率和垩白度、提高食味品质，达到提质稳产节氮的效果。综合产量及稻米品质表现，大叶芥菜-水稻轮作模式下，适当减少氮肥施用量至125 kg·hm-2，氮肥运筹基肥：蘖肥：穗肥为3：3：4，为本试验最优组合；油菜-水稻和小麦-水稻轮作模式下，氮肥施用量分别为105 kg·hm-2和150 kg·hm-2，氮肥运筹基肥：蘖肥：穗肥为3：3：4为宜。
关键词:杂交籼稻/
轮作模式/
秸秆还田/
氮肥运筹/
产量/
米质
Abstract:The effects of straw return and nitrogen fertilizer application on the quality and yield of indica rice were studied using the hybrid strain 'F you 498'. The multiple-straw rotation method was investigated using the straw return of three previous crops [vegetable-rice (G), rape-rice (R), and wheat-rice (W)]. Nitrogen fertilizer was optimized by testing different ratios [conventional application of pure nitrogen = 150 kg·hm-2; base to tiller to panicle fertilizer ratios tested = 4:4:2 (N1) and 3:3:4 (N2)]. The results showed significant effects on the rice quality and yield in all of the straw return types and nitrogen fertilizer applications. Two factors had a large effect on the yield: the chalky grain rate and the grain protein content. The vegetable-straw yield (g) increased by 1.1%-7.8% compared to rape-straw (R), and by 10.5%-19.8% compared to wheat-straw (W). The vegetable-rice straw also improved the whole rice rate, reduced the chalky grain rate, and improved the food quality. Regardless of straw type, the yield increased after nitrogen fertilizer application, and the highest yield was obtained using the N2 treatment. All straw types reduced the amount of nitrogen applied: N-G treatment by 16.7%, N-R treatment by 30.0%, and N-W treatment by 16.7%. Compared to the N2 treatment, the yield decreased by 2.6% (N-G), 1.7% (N-R), and 5.8% (N-W). The rice yield was not significantly reduced when the N-G and N-R rotations were used, but the rice chalkiness rate and chalkiness degree were significantly reduced, and the quality improved. Therefore, rice quality was improved and yields were maintained, but nitrogen was saved. Based on the rice quality and yield when using the vegetable-rice straw rotation, the nitrogen fertilizer amount should be reduced to 125 kg·hm-2, and a base to tiller to ear fertilizer ratio of 3:3:4 was the optimal combination in this study. When using the rape-rice and wheat-rice straw rotations, the nitrogen fertilizer amounts should be 105 kg·hm-2 and 150 kg·hm-2, respectively, and the fertilizer ratio remains 3:3:4. This study may provide a theoretical basis for improving the quality and yield of rice when using the straw return rotation method.
Key words:Hybrid indica rice/
Rotation mode/
Straw returning/
Nitrogen application/
Yield/
Rice quality
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