摘要
摘要:氨挥发是稻田氮素损失的一个重要途径，有效控制稻田氨挥发对水稻增产减排具有重要意义。界面阻隔材料具有环境友好性和低成本的特点，可以作为一种截然不同的氨挥发减排方法。本研究比较分析了3种界面阻隔材料对水稻产量、氮肥利用率和氨挥发排放的影响，以期为水稻降本增效及减少环境污染提供技术支持。通过在稻田喷施表面分子膜材料和覆盖稻糠，比较了两种表面分子膜材料——聚乳酸（PLA）和卵磷脂（LEC）及稻糠（RB）施用后水稻产量及其构成、稻田田面水pH和铵态氮及硝态氮含量动态、稻田氨挥发及氮肥吸收利用的变化特征。结果表明，3种界面阻隔材料均显著增加了水稻产量，与常规施肥对照（CKU，无添加界面阻隔材料）相比增幅分别为13.0%（RB）、21.0%（PLA）和24.1%（LEC）。增产主要是因为有效穗数的增加，其中RB和PLA处理与CKU处理差异达显著水平；每穗粒数和结实率均无显著差异。LEC处理显著提高了氮肥利用率（19.0%），但RB处理氮肥利用率显著低于CKU。与CKU处理相比，3种界面阻隔材料的添加减少12.3%~19.9%的氨挥发量。PLA处理氨挥发减排效果最佳，达显著水平；其次为LEC处理。氨挥发减排可能与界面阻隔材料添加导致的田面水pH、铵态氮浓度变化和土壤铵态氮含量的增加有关。与CKU处理相比，所有处理均增加了田面水铵态氮浓度，但同时降低了田面水pH，且在水稻分蘖期影响较明显。其中PLA处理还提高了土壤铵态氮含量。本研究表明，稻田施加界面阻隔材料是稻田氨挥发减排以及增产增效的另一种可行的技术途径。
关键词:界面阻隔材料/
表面分子膜/
稻糠/
稻田/
氮肥利用率/
氨挥发
Abstract:NH₃ volatilization emissions cause significant nitrogen losses in rice fields. Effective control of NH₃ volatilization emissions in rice fields is critical to increase rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency. Interface barrier materials are environmental-friendly and low cost, making them suitable as a completely different method of reducing NH₃ volatilization. This study therefore explored the impacts of interface barrier materials on rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency, which may help to achieve rice yields with low costs and reduced environmental pollution. In this study, three interface barrier materials including two surface molecular film materials:polylactic acid (PLA) and lecithin (LEC) materials were formulated as surface molecular film materials and were sprayed evenly on the field after fertilization at the basal, tillering, and earing rice stages. Rice bran was also evenly spread over the field after fertilization on the same day. The rice yield and yield composition, pH and nitrogen concentration in paddy surface water, soil nitrogen content, nitrogen use efficiency and NH₃ volatilization were investigated. The experiment involved five treatments:CK (no N fertilizer), CKU (only urea), RB (rice bran + urea), PLA (polylactic acid + urea), and LEC (lecithin + urea). Fertilizer additions and field management practices remained the same across all treatments. The results showed that the RB, PLA and LEC treatments significantly increased rice yield compared to CKU treatment by 13.0%, 21.0%, and 24.1%, respectively. The nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate of LEC treatment significantly increased by 19.0% compared to the CKU. The RB treatment significantly increased yield by 13.0% compared to CKU, but did not significantly affect the nitrogen utilization rate. The addition of RB and PLA significantly increased the effective spike number in rice, but the LEC treatment produced no significant difference in this variable. The number of grains and the seed setting rate did not differ significantly under the CKU from their interface barrier materials added. The addition of interface barrier materials reduced NH₃ volatilization by 12.3%-19.9% in comparison with CKU, and the PLA treatment significantly reduced NH₃ volatilization by 19.9%, and performed best. It was followed by the LEC treatment with a reduction of 14.3%. The reductions in NH₃ volatilization may be related to the changes in surface water pH, NH₄⁺-N concentration, and soil NH₄⁺-N content caused by the addition of interface barrier materials. Compared to the CKU treatment, all treatments increased the NH₄⁺-N concentration but lowered the pH in surface water, especially during the tillering stage. The soil NH₄⁺-N content was also improved in the PLA treatment. This study shows that the application of interface barrier materials in rice fields is a feasible technical approach to reduce NH₃ volatilization and increase rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency.
Key words:Interface barrier materials/
Surface molecular film/
Rice bran/
Rice field/
Nitrogen use efficiency/
NH₃ volatilization



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