摘要:为明确西北旱作雨养农业区不同秸秆带状覆盖种植模式下马铃薯耗水规律、水分利用效率及产量的变化规律，以地膜覆盖和露地种植（CK）为对照，设置4种秸秆带状覆盖模式（①种植带和覆盖带各40 cm、单行播种，②种植带和覆盖带各40 cm、双行播种，③种植带和覆盖带各50 cm、单行播种，④种植带和覆盖带各50 cm、双行播种），研究不同秸秆带状覆盖模式对旱地马铃薯耗水特性和产量的影响。结果表明：秸秆带状覆盖处理与CK相比，马铃薯薯块产量和水分利用效率平均分别显著提高34.0%、21.5%，分别平均较地膜覆盖显著降低31.3%、25.0%；其中40 cm覆盖种植结构产量和水分利用效率较50 cm覆盖种植结构分别明显提高4.5%和6.8%，双行播种较单行播种增产4.4%，二者水分利用效率无明显差异。秸秆带状覆盖条件下，播种-现蕾阶段的耗水量、耗水强度及耗水模系数平均较CK显著降低14.5%、15.2%、15.4%，平均较地膜覆盖显著增加20.9%、19.0%、31.5%；与CK相比，现蕾-块茎膨大阶段耗水量、耗水强度及耗水模系数无显著性差异，相比于地膜覆盖，则分别平均显著减少20.7%、22.2%、13.9%；块茎膨大-成熟阶段分别平均较CK显著提高51.7%、52.4%、50.0%。同时，相比于CK，单薯重、商品薯率分别显著提高17.3%、31.8%，单株结薯数和小薯率降低7.5%、17.6%。可见，秸秆带状覆盖栽培可通过降低现蕾前的耗水和增加块茎膨大后的耗水，一定程度上缓解马铃薯植株后期对水分的需求，延长块茎膨大后植株光合作用，提高有机物的积累量，从而提高薯块产量和水分利用效率。而秸秆带状覆盖中，单行种植以种植带：覆盖带=40 cm︰40 cm最好，双行种植以种植带︰覆盖带=50 cm︰50 cm较适宜。
关键词:马铃薯/
秸秆覆盖/
带状覆盖/
耗水特性/
水分利用效率/
产量
Abstract:In order to clarify the evapotranspiration, water use efficiency, and yield of potatoes under different straw mulching planting patterns in rainfed agricultural areas of Northwest China, four straw strip mulching patterns (D40:40 cm wide of planting and coverage strips, single row planting; S40:40 cm wide of planting and coverage strips, double-row planting; D50:50 cm wide of planting and coverage strips, single row planting; S50:50 cm wide of planting and coverage strips, double-row planting), plastic film mulching (DM), and traditional flat planting (CK) were set to study the potato evapotranspiration, water-use efficiency, and yield of each treatment. The results showed that under four straw mulching treatments, the average potato yield increased by 34.0% and water-use efficiency increased by 21.5% compared with CK; while they significantly reduced averagely by 31.3% and 25.0%, respectively compared with DM treatment. The yield and water-use efficiency of 40 cm planting structures increased by 4.5% and 6.8%, respectively compared with 50 cm planting structures. The yield of double-row planting was 4.4% higher than that of single row planting, however, water-use efficiency had no significant differences. The amount, intensity, and model coefficient of water consumption during the sowing-budding period decreased under straw strip mulching conditions by 14.5%, 15.2%, and 15.4%, respectively compared with CK, but they increased by 20.9%, 19.0%, and 31.5%, respectively compared with DM. During the budding to tuber bulking period, there were no significant differences in water consumption, water intensity, and water modulus coefficient between the straw mulching treatments and CK; however, compared with DM a significant reduction in water consumption (20.7%), water intensity (22.2%), and water modulus coefficient (13.9%) in the four straw mulching patters. The averages under straw mulching treatments increased during tuber bulking to mature peirod by 51.7% (water consumption), 52.4% (water intensity), and 50.0% (water modulus coefficient), respectively, compared with CK. Under the four straw mulching treatments, the weight per tube and the commodity rate of potato significantly increased by 17.3% and 31.8%, respectively, while the tubers number per plant and the small tuber rate decreased by 7.5% and 17.6%, respectively, compared with CK. It can be seen that cultivation using straw strip mulching can alleviate the water shortage of potato plants in the later stages, by reducing the water consumption before bud growth stage and increasing the water consumption after tuber enlargement stage, extending the duration of plant photosynthesis after tuber enlargement, improving the accumulation of organic matter, and thus improving yield. In the four straw strip mulching patterns, the yield of double row planting treatment was 4.4% higher than that of single row planting, while the water use efficiency had no significant difference between them. In this study, single row planting with the planting band︰mulching band=40 cm︰40 cm, and double row planting with the planting band︰mulching band=50 cm︰50 cm were more suitable straw strip mulching planting mode of potato in the rainfed agricultural areas of Northwest China.
Key words:Potato/
Straw mulching/
Strip mulching/
Water consumption characteristics/
Water use efficiency/
Yield
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