摘要:针对绿洲灌区小麦-玉米长期连作，麦后休闲期长、光热水资源利用效率不高等问题，研究麦后复种绿肥对轮作玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响有重要意义。在石羊河流域，于2017—2019年度通过田间试验研究了麦后复种绿肥的不同还田利用方式（全量翻压、地表覆盖免耕、地上部收获后根茬翻压、地上部收获后免耕和不复种绿肥传统翻耕对照）对后茬玉米产量形成和水分利用特征的影响。两年试验结果表明，绿肥地表覆盖免耕和全量翻压处理玉米籽粒产量平均达14 274.9 kg·hm-2和14 687.5 kg·hm-2，较不复种绿肥翻耕处理（对照）显著提高18.2%和20.4%（P < 0.05）。绿肥地表覆盖免耕条件下，玉米穗数、穗粒数、百粒重分别较不复种绿肥翻耕处理（对照）平均高5.4%、9.6%、20.8%（P < 0.05），且较根茬还田处理（翻压、免耕）增幅显著。与此同时，绿肥地表覆盖免耕和全量翻压显著增加玉米叶面积指数、干物质累积量和平均净同化率。绿肥地表覆盖免耕处理水分利用效率平均达24.4 kg·hm-2·mm-1，较不复种绿肥翻耕处理（对照）显著提高29.9%（P < 0.05），该处理较不复种绿肥翻耕处理（对照）显著提高玉米播前土壤贮水量26.9%（P < 0.05），平均达280.7 mm，且该条件下玉米全生育期耗水量显著低于其他绿肥还田处理。绿肥根茬还田处理（翻压、免耕）下，玉米平均水分利用效率分别较不复种绿肥翻耕处理显著高16.7%、16.0%（P < 0.05）。因此，在干旱绿洲灌区，麦后复种绿肥地表覆盖免耕获得玉米高产的同时，实现了水资源的高效利用。
关键词:小麦-玉米轮作/
绿肥利用方式/
玉米/
产量/
水分利用特征
Abstract:With the aim of long-term continuous cropping of wheat and maize in arid oasis irrigation areas, the fallow-period after wheat harvest is long and the utilization efficiency of light, heat, and water resources is relative low; thus, it is important to study the effects of different green manure utilization patterns on maize yield and water use characteristics. In the Shiyang River basin, the effects of different green manure utilization patterns on the yield formation and water use characteristics of maize were studied through a field experiment on the wheat-green manure-maize rotation system. Different green manure utilization patterns included tillage with full quantity of green manure incorporated in the soil (TG), no-tillage with full quantity of green manure mulched on the soil surface (NTG), above ground green manure harvested and tillage with root incorporated in the soil (T), no-tillage with above ground green manure harvested (NT), and conventional tillage without green manure (CT) as the control. The results showed that the average maize grain yield for treatments of NTG and TG reached 14 274.9 kg·hm-2 and 14 687.5 kg·hm-2, respectively, which was 18.2% and 20.4% higher, respectively, than that of CT. This is mainly due to the fact that the number of ears, seed number per ear, and seed weight of maize for NTG were 5.4%, 9.6%, and 20.8% higher, respectively, than those of CT, and the effect was significantly higher than that of root utilization patterns (treatments T and NT). Meanwhile, TG and NTG treatments significantly increased maize leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, and average net assimilation rate. The average water use efficiency of the NTG treatment reached 24.4 kg·hm-2·mm-1, which was 29.9% higher than that of CT, which significantly increased the soil water storage before maize sowing to 26.9%, with an average of 280.7 mm. In addition, under NTG treatment, the water consumption of maize during the whole growth period was significantly lower than that of the other green manure treatments. Under the conditions of green manure root utilization (treatments T and NT), the water use efficiency of maize was 16.7% and 16.0% higher, respectively, than that of CT. Therefore, in the arid oasis irrigation area, for the wheat-green manure-maize rotation system, employing no-till with full quantity of green manure mulched on the soil surface achieves high yield of maize while achieving efficient use of water resources.
Key words:Wheat-maize rotation/
Green manure utilization patterns/
Maize/
Yield/
Water use characteristics
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