摘要
摘要:为明确播期、播量和施氮量对小麦产量形成的影响，于2016-2017年和2017-2018年两个小麦生长季，采用3因素裂区试验设计，以播期为主区[10月12日播种（适播，ST）和11月12日播种（晚播，LT）]，播量为裂区[2.25×10⁶株·hm^-2（M1）、3.00×10⁶株·hm^-2（M2）和3.75×10⁶株·hm^-2（M3）]，每个播量设置3个施氮量[纯N 150 kg·hm^-2（N1）、225 kg·hm^-2（N2）和300 kg·hm^-2（N3）]，研究播期、播量和施氮量对小麦干物质积累、转运和分配及产量的影响。结果表明，播期、播量和施氮量3因素互作显著影响了小麦产量及其构成要素、氮素利用效率、干物质积累量、花前干物质转运、花后干物质积累以及成熟期干物质在各器官中的分配。其中，ST处理显著提高了开花期群体干物质量、成熟期干物质量、花后干物质积累量及其对籽粒的贡献率；小麦穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和产量显著高于LT处理。在ST和LT处理条件下，M2和M3处理有效穗数、开花期干物质量和成熟期干物质量显著高于M1，M2处理穗粒数、花后干物质量及其对籽粒的贡献率、单茎中籽粒重量及其在单茎中所占比例较高，显著高于M1和M3。N3处理的有效穗数、开花期群体干物质量、成熟期干物质量和花后干物质量及其对籽粒的贡献率显著高于N1和N2。在ST处理条件下M1、M2处理和LT处理条件下所有播量处理均以N3的穗粒数、千粒重和单茎籽粒干重及其在单茎中所占比例较高。本试验条件下，增施氮肥和适当增大播量有利于小麦产量的提高。小麦‘安农大1216’在10月12日播种，播种密度3.00×10⁶株·hm^-2、施氮量为300 kg·hm^-2时可以获得较好的产量。
关键词:小麦/
播期/
播量/
施氮量/
干物质积累与转运/
产量/
氮素利用效率
Abstract:To clarify the regulation mechanism of sowing date, planting density, and nitrogen application on yield, a three-factor fracture zone-test design was adopted. The sowing dates were October 12 and November 12 (represented as ST and LT, respectively); the planting densities were 2.25×10⁶ plants·hm^-2, 3.00×10⁶ plants·hm^-2, and 3.75×10⁶ plants·hm^-2 (represented as M1, M2, and M3, respectively); and nitrogen fertilizers were applied at three rates to each planting density (pure N 150 kg·hm^-2, 225 kg·hm^-2, and 300 kg·hm^-2, represented as N1, N2, and N3, respectively). The effects of different sowing dates, planting densities, and nitrogen application rates on dry matter accumulation, transfer and yield of 'Annongda 1216' were studied. The interaction of sowing date, planting density, and nitrogen application rate significantly affected yield and its components, nitrogen use efficiency, dry matter accumulation, dry matter transfer before anthesis, dry matter accumulation after anthesis, and dry matter distribution at maturity. Under the ST condition, the dry matter accumulation amount at anthesis and maturity, dry matter accumulation amount after anthesis and its contribution to grain, spike number, kernel number per spike, 1000-grain weight, and yield were significantly higher than those under LT condition. Under the ST and LT conditions, the spike number, dry matter accumulation amount at anthesis and maturity under the M2 and M3 treatments were significantly higher than those under the M1 treatment. On the other hand, the grain number per spike, dry matter accumulation amount after anthesis and its contribution to grain, grain weight and its proportion under the M2 treatment were significantly higher than those under the M1 and M3 treatments. The spike number, dry matter accumulation amount at anthesis and maturity, dry matter accumulation amount after anthesis and its contribution to grain under the N3 treatment were significantly higher than those under the N1 and N2 treatments. The grain number per spike, 1000-grain weight, grain weight and its proportion at maturity stage in the M1 and M2 treatments under the ST condition and all planting density treatments under LT condition were significantly higher than those under the N1 and N2 treatments. Under the conditions of this experiment, applying nitrogen fertilizer and increasing planting densities appropriately were beneficial to increase grain yield. 'Annongda 1216' sown on October 12 at a density of 3.00×10⁶ plants·hm^-2 with a nitrogen application rate of 300 kg·hm^-2 showed a higher yield.
Key words:Wheat/
Sowing date/
Planting density/
Nitrogen application rate/
Dry matter accumulation and transfer/
Yield/
N use efficiency



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