摘要:为高效利用水资源，提高农业生产效益，根据联合国粮农组织（FAO）推荐的参考作物蒸散计算方法和相关作物系数法，利用河北省马铃薯主要种植区域（冀北地区）23个地面气象站的资料，计算了冀北地区近50 a（1969—2018年）马铃薯生育期内的需水量和缺水量，并分析了马铃薯生育期内降水量、有效降水量、需水量、缺水量变化趋势，以及不同区域不同生育期马铃薯需水量、缺水量的变化特征。结果表明：1）近50 a冀北地区马铃薯生育期内降水量、有效降水量年际变化可分为2个阶段：1969—2003年呈减少趋势，气候倾向率分别为-15.68 mm·（10a）-1、-6.61 mm·（10a）-1；而2004—2018年呈显著增加趋势，气候倾向率分别为60.07 mm·（10a）-1、9.68 mm·（10a）-1。近50 a平均降水量、有效降水量分别为356.5 mm和148.6 mm；空间上均呈自西向东逐渐递减的带状特征。2）近50 a马铃薯生育期需水量和缺水量年际变化也表现出1969—2003年减少、2004—2018年增多的趋势，且需水量多的年份缺水量也多，近50 a平均需水量和缺水量分别为497.8 mm、349.1 mm；空间分布上均呈自坝上高原向坝下山地增多特点，且需水量大的地区缺水量也多。3）马铃薯块茎膨大期需水量最多，期间也是缺水量最多的时期。研究结果显示1969—2018年冀北地区马铃薯生育期内水资源一直处于严重亏缺状态，在生产中需充分考虑马铃薯需水量对气象要素变化的响应，加强水分管理，确保水资源高效利用。
关键词:冀北地区/
马铃薯/
有效降水量/
需水量/
缺水量/
水分盈亏指数
Abstract:In order to efficiently use water resources and increase the agricultural production efficiency, the data from 23 meteorological stations in the main potato growing areas of Hebei Province (northern Hebei Province) were analyzed to calculate the water demand and water shortage during the growing period of potato from 1969 to 2018. The analyses involved the reference crop evapotranspiration calculation method and the related crop coefficient method recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The changing trend of precipitation, effective precipitation, water demand, and water shortage during the 50-year potato growing period, and the changing characteristics of water demand and water shortage in different regions and different growing periods were analyzed. There were three main results. Firstly, the annual variation of precipitation and effective precipitation during the growing period of potato in northern Hebei Province in the past 50 years could be divided into two stages. In one stage, there was a decreasing trend from 1969 to 2003. The climatic tendency rates of precipitation and effective precipitation were -15.68 mm·(10a)-1 and -6.61 mm·(10a)-1. In the stage from 2004 to 2018, the tendency rates was significantly increased, which were 60.07 mm·(10a)-1 and 9.68 mm·(10a)-1. The average precipitation and effective precipitation in recent 50 years were 356.5 mm and 148.6 mm, respectively. Their spatial characteristics showed the zonal feature of decreasing gradually from west to east. Secondly, the interannual variation of water demand and water shortage during the growth period of potato in the past 50 years also showed a decreasing trend from 1969 to 2003 and an increasing trend from 2004 to 2018. In years of high water demand, there was also a great shortage of water. In the past 50 years, the average water requirement and water shortage were 497.8 mm and 349.1 mm, respectively. The spatial distribution showed an increase from Bashang plateau to the Baxia mountain area. In the region of high water demand, there was also a great shortage of water. Thirdly, the water demand of potato was largest during the expansion period, when the water shortage also reached its maximum. The water resources of potato in northern Hebei Province have been in a serious deficit state during the past 50 years. It is necessary to fully consider the response of potato water demand to the changes of meteorological factors in order to strengthen water management and ensure the efficient utilization of water resources.
Key words:Northern Hebei Province/
Potato/
Effective precipitation/
Water demand/
Water shortage/
Water profit and loss index
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