Comparison of temporal and spatial variability of heavy metal pollution in soil of Leishui river basin
LI Yan1,2,3,, SHI Huading2,3,,, LIU Xiaoyang2,3, WANG Minghao2,3,4, FEI Yang2,3, SUN Lijing1 1.School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China 2.Technical Center for Soil and Agricultural Rural Ecological Environment Supervision, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China 3.China Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China 4.School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Abstract:The historical data of 2008 and the latest data collected in 2018 in the study area are 278 samples in total. Eight heavy metal elements of Cd, Hg, As, Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn, which are often mentioned in soil environmental pollution, were analyzed and tested. The single factor index evaluation method, Nemerow comprehensive index method and soil environmental quality evaluation method were used to evaluate the soil environmental quality types around the two rivers in the research area, Xihe river and Leishui river. Combining the inverse distance spatial interpolation method and map geometry analysis, the spatial and temporal variability of heavy metals in soils of the research area from 2008 to 2018 was visually displayed. The results showed that: except for Cr in these two-period data, Cd, Hg, As, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn in some points of the surface soils were beyond the standard, indicating that a total heavy metal pollution occurred in the research area. According to the single factor index evaluation, the average values of single factor index for Cd and Pb were ranked in the first two order, while the average value for Cr was the smallest. The points in the research area where Cr in the two-period data was over 98% belonged to the priority protection category, some points where Cd, As and Pb exceeded the intervention values set in Soil Environmental Quality Risk Control Standard for Soil Contamination of Agricultural Land (GB 15618-2018) were observed. Pollution aggravated areas were mainly distributed in the upper and middle reaches of Xihe river with high-density distributed mining and smelting enterprises, the upper reaches of Leishui river and the lower reaches of Leishui river, in order to prevent soil heavy metal pollution from further aggravation in the future. It is suggested that appropriate management measures should be taken in these three high-value areas. Key words:Leishui river basin/ soil heavy metals/ spatial and temporal variability characteristics/ environmental quality classification.
图1研究区沿河企业分布 Figure1.Distribution of enterprises along the river in the survey region
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1.School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China 2.Technical Center for Soil and Agricultural Rural Ecological Environment Supervision, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China 3.China Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China 4.School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China Received Date: 2019-05-17 Accepted Date: 2019-07-09 Available Online: 2020-03-25 Keywords:Leishui river basin/ soil heavy metals/ spatial and temporal variability characteristics/ environmental quality classification Abstract:The historical data of 2008 and the latest data collected in 2018 in the study area are 278 samples in total. Eight heavy metal elements of Cd, Hg, As, Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn, which are often mentioned in soil environmental pollution, were analyzed and tested. The single factor index evaluation method, Nemerow comprehensive index method and soil environmental quality evaluation method were used to evaluate the soil environmental quality types around the two rivers in the research area, Xihe river and Leishui river. Combining the inverse distance spatial interpolation method and map geometry analysis, the spatial and temporal variability of heavy metals in soils of the research area from 2008 to 2018 was visually displayed. The results showed that: except for Cr in these two-period data, Cd, Hg, As, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn in some points of the surface soils were beyond the standard, indicating that a total heavy metal pollution occurred in the research area. According to the single factor index evaluation, the average values of single factor index for Cd and Pb were ranked in the first two order, while the average value for Cr was the smallest. The points in the research area where Cr in the two-period data was over 98% belonged to the priority protection category, some points where Cd, As and Pb exceeded the intervention values set in Soil Environmental Quality Risk Control Standard for Soil Contamination of Agricultural Land (GB 15618-2018) were observed. Pollution aggravated areas were mainly distributed in the upper and middle reaches of Xihe river with high-density distributed mining and smelting enterprises, the upper reaches of Leishui river and the lower reaches of Leishui river, in order to prevent soil heavy metal pollution from further aggravation in the future. It is suggested that appropriate management measures should be taken in these three high-value areas.
由2期表层土壤重金属单因子指数(图3及表2)可知，2008年和2018年的单因子指数Pi平均值按大小排序为Cd> Pb > As >Zn > Hg > Cu > Ni >Cr和Cd> Pb > Zn >As> Cu >Hg> Ni >Cr。2期数据排前2位的均为Cd和Pb，排最后2位的均为Ni和Cr；2期数据Cd的重度污染点位均超过80%，Cr和Ni的非污染点位均超过60%。根据单因子指数平均值做出下列分级：2008年，Cd和Pb属于重度污染，As属于中度污染，Hg、Cu、Zn和Ni属于轻度污染，Cr属于非污染；2018年，Cd和Pb属于重度污染且Cd无非污染点位，As和Zn属于中度污染，Hg、Cu和Ni属于轻度污染，仅Cr属于非污染。由单因子指数法对2期数据比对可知，Cd和Pb在2008—2018年一直处于重度污染状态，且重度污染占比有所上升；Cr一直处于非污染状态，各部分比例总体上保持不变，说明Cr基本无外源输入；Zn由原来的轻度污染状态转变为中度污染状态，说明Zn可能受到了外界的影响，导致超标点位增加；其余元素的等级均未发生变化，超标点位略有波动，总体上保持稳定。
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