摘要:自然保护地对生物多样性和生态系统服务稳定起着积极作用。社会生态评价有助于完善自然保护地体系。采用生态系统净初级生产力、景观生态指数等指标对羌塘国家自然保护区、藏西北羌塘高原荒漠生态功能区等自然保护地的生态效果进行评价，以人口密度、人均农业产值为指标，对自然保护地的社会经济效果进行评价。结果表明：1）生态效果：2000-2015年自然保护地的NPP呈不同程度的下降趋势，但保护地建立后NPP下降趋势有所减缓。景观破碎度增加、斑块形态复杂化。草地、农田、城镇等人类主导景观斑块空间集聚性增强。除部分偏远地区人类活动影响减小外，大部分自然保护地人为活动扰动依然较强。其中，自然保护区的生态用地比重增加、生产用地比重下降，自然景观得到一定恢复；生态功能区的生态用地比重下降、生产用地比重增加，尤其是草地优势度进一步增大，生态压力加大。2）社会经济效果：1990-2015年自然保护区人口密度、农业产值总量显著低于生态功能区，但人均农业产值自然保护区显著高于生态功能区。保护地建立后人口密度、人均农业产值都有增加，人口密度生态功能区增加更显著，人均农业产值自然保护区增加更显著。今后，对自然保护区要强化管理、控制人类活动，对生态功能区要着力缓解自然保护与社区发展的冲突，提高生态功能区财政转移支付的针对性，探索保护地自然资源持续利用与切实保护相协调的新途径。



Abstract:Protected areas (PAs) play a positive role in stabilizing biodiversity and ecosystem services. The social-ecological effectiveness evaluation of PAs is helpful in directing efforts to perfect the PA system. There are two kinds of PAs in the Chang tang plateau in northwestern Tibet: the Chang tang National Nature Reserve (NNR) and the Chang tang National Ecological function Area (NEA). In this study, the ecosystem net primary productivity (NPP) and the landscape ecological index were used to evaluate the ecological effectiveness of PAs, whereas the social economic effectiveness was evaluated using indicators, such as the population density and agricultural output value per capita. The conclusions were as follows: 1) regarding ecological effectiveness from 2000 to 2015, the NPP of PAs showed a decreasing trend, but the decreasing rate of NPP slowed after the establishment of PAs. Landscape fragmentation increased and patch morphology became complicated. The spatial agglomeration of patches in the human-dominated landscapes, such as grasslands, farmlands, and towns, was enhanced except for some remote areas, wherein the disturbance of human activities is still strong. Among them, the proportion of ecological land in the NNR increased, whereas the proportion of production land decreased, which showed that natural landscape was restored to a certain extent in the NNR. The proportion of ecological land decreased and the proportion of production land increased in the NEA; in particular, the proportion of grassland increased, which showed that ecological pressure increased in the NEA. 2) Social and economic effectiveness assessment from 1990 to 2015 showed that population density and the total agricultural output value of the NNR was significantly lower than that of the NEA, whereas the per capita agricultural output value of the NNR was significantly higher than that of the NEA. The population density and per capita agricultural output value increased after the establishment of the two kinds of PAs. Population density of the NEA increased significantly, whereas the per capita agricultural output value of the NNR increased significantly. In the future, we should strengthen the management and control of human activities in the NNR, make greater efforts to reduction conflicts between nature conservation and community development in the NEA, clarify the pertinence of financial payments to the NEA, and explore new ways to harmonizing the sustainable use and effective protect natural resources rationally in PAs.





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