) 1 华中师范大学心理学院, 青少年网络心理与行为教育部重点实验室, 湖北省人的发展与心理健康重点实验室, 武汉 430079
2 贵州师范学院心理健康教育与咨询中心, 贵阳 550018
3 贵州师范学院心理健康教育与咨询中心, 贵阳 550018
4 安顺学院教育科学学院, 安顺 561000
5 贵阳幼儿师范高等专科学校, 贵阳 550001
收稿日期:2017-10-17出版日期:2018-07-15发布日期:2018-05-29基金资助:* 国家社科基金重大投标项目：国民心理卫生素养及其提升机制与对策资助(16ZDA232)Couples when young and companions when aged: The relationship between marital attachment and loneliness of left behind elderly
XIE Qili1,2, LI Chongjing3, QUAN Xiaoshan4, JIANG Guangrong5, 1() 1 School of Psychology, Central China Normal University; Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430079, China
2 Department of Mental health education and consultation center, Guizhou Normal College, Guiyang 550018, China
3 Department of Mental health education and consultation center, Guizhou Normal College, Guiyang 550018, China
4 School of Educational Science, Anshun College, Anshun 561000, China
5 Guiyang Children's Normal College, Guiyang 550001, China
Received:2017-10-17Online:2018-07-15Published:2018-05-29摘要/Abstract
摘要： 为考察留守老人的夫妻依恋及其与孤独感的关系, 采用问卷法对510名留守老人进行调查。结果表明留守老人安全型夫妻依恋比例低于城市老年人, 拒绝型夫妻依恋比例高于城市老年人; 领悟社会支持在留守老人依恋安全和依恋回避与孤独感的关系中起中介作用、领悟社会支持和核心自我评价在留守老人依恋安全和依恋回避与孤独感的关系中起链式多重中介作用, 核心自我评价在留守老人依恋焦虑与孤独感的关系中起部分中介作用。上述结果表明夫妻依恋与留守老人孤独感关系密切, 结果有利于拓展老年人夫妻依恋的研究范围并为降低留守老人孤独感提供参考。
图/表 6
图1假设模型图
图1假设模型图表1留守老人夫妻依恋类型聚类分析摘要统计表
| 依恋维度 | 安全型夫妻依恋 | 拒绝型夫妻依恋 | 焦虑型夫妻依恋 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 依恋安全中心 | 0.73 | -1.21 | 0.34 |
| 依恋回避中心 | -0.94 | 0.37 | 0.72 |
| 依恋焦虑中心 | -0.76 | 0.12 | 0.80 |
| 留守老人样本数(%) | 193 (37.84%) | 159 (31.18%) | 158 (30.98%) |
| 城市社区老人样本数(%) | 244 (56.2%) | 50 (11.5%) | 140 (32.3%) |
表1留守老人夫妻依恋类型聚类分析摘要统计表
| 依恋维度 | 安全型夫妻依恋 | 拒绝型夫妻依恋 | 焦虑型夫妻依恋 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 依恋安全中心 | 0.73 | -1.21 | 0.34 |
| 依恋回避中心 | -0.94 | 0.37 | 0.72 |
| 依恋焦虑中心 | -0.76 | 0.12 | 0.80 |
| 留守老人样本数(%) | 193 (37.84%) | 159 (31.18%) | 158 (30.98%) |
| 城市社区老人样本数(%) | 244 (56.2%) | 50 (11.5%) | 140 (32.3%) |
表2不同夫妻依恋类型留守老人领悟社会支持、核心自我评价和孤独感的差异
| 变量 | 1.安全型依恋 | 2.拒绝型依恋 | 3.焦虑型依恋 | F值 | η2 | 事后比较 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 领悟社会支持 | 5.10 (0.77) | 4.27 (0.80) | 4.67 (0.79) | 46.52*** | 0.16 | 1 > 2, 1 > 3, 3 > 2 |
| 核心自我评价 | 2.87 (0.33) | 2.62 (0.32) | 2.67 (0.36) | 24.57*** | 0.09 | 1 > 2, 1 > 3 |
| 孤独感 | 2.21 (0.39) | 2.51 (0.31) | 2.47 (0.39) | 33.31*** | 0.12 | 1 < 2, 1 < 3 |
表2不同夫妻依恋类型留守老人领悟社会支持、核心自我评价和孤独感的差异
| 变量 | 1.安全型依恋 | 2.拒绝型依恋 | 3.焦虑型依恋 | F值 | η2 | 事后比较 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 领悟社会支持 | 5.10 (0.77) | 4.27 (0.80) | 4.67 (0.79) | 46.52*** | 0.16 | 1 > 2, 1 > 3, 3 > 2 |
| 核心自我评价 | 2.87 (0.33) | 2.62 (0.32) | 2.67 (0.36) | 24.57*** | 0.09 | 1 > 2, 1 > 3 |
| 孤独感 | 2.21 (0.39) | 2.51 (0.31) | 2.47 (0.39) | 33.31*** | 0.12 | 1 < 2, 1 < 3 |
表3留守老人各研究变量描述统计及相关分析
| 变量 | M (SD) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. 依恋安全 | 3.16 (0.66) | — | ||||||||
| 2. 依恋回避 | 2.41 (0.74) | -0.34*** | — | |||||||
| 3. 依恋焦虑 | 2.61 (0.68) | -0.19*** | 0.52*** | — | ||||||
| 4. 家庭支持 | 4.80 (1.02) | 0.39*** | -0.25*** | -0.15** | — | |||||
| 5. 朋友支持 | 4.52 (0.79) | 0.28*** | -0.16*** | -0.08* | 0.60*** | — | ||||
| 6. 其他支持 | 4.78 (0.97) | 0.41*** | -0.27*** | -0.11** | 0.74*** | 0.52*** | — | |||
| 7. 领悟社会支持 | 4.71 (0.86) | 0.42*** | -0.26*** | -0.14** | 0.91*** | 0.82*** | 0.87*** | — | ||
| 8. 核心自我评价 | 2.19 (1.12) | 0.26*** | -0.24*** | -0.24*** | 0.41*** | 0.27*** | 0.39*** | 0.42*** | — | |
| 9. 孤独感 | 2.35 (0.43) | -0.16*** | 0.29*** | 0.39*** | -0.37*** | -0.29*** | -0.30*** | -0.37*** | -0.46*** | — |
表3留守老人各研究变量描述统计及相关分析
| 变量 | M (SD) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. 依恋安全 | 3.16 (0.66) | — | ||||||||
| 2. 依恋回避 | 2.41 (0.74) | -0.34*** | — | |||||||
| 3. 依恋焦虑 | 2.61 (0.68) | -0.19*** | 0.52*** | — | ||||||
| 4. 家庭支持 | 4.80 (1.02) | 0.39*** | -0.25*** | -0.15** | — | |||||
| 5. 朋友支持 | 4.52 (0.79) | 0.28*** | -0.16*** | -0.08* | 0.60*** | — | ||||
| 6. 其他支持 | 4.78 (0.97) | 0.41*** | -0.27*** | -0.11** | 0.74*** | 0.52*** | — | |||
| 7. 领悟社会支持 | 4.71 (0.86) | 0.42*** | -0.26*** | -0.14** | 0.91*** | 0.82*** | 0.87*** | — | ||
| 8. 核心自我评价 | 2.19 (1.12) | 0.26*** | -0.24*** | -0.24*** | 0.41*** | 0.27*** | 0.39*** | 0.42*** | — | |
| 9. 孤独感 | 2.35 (0.43) | -0.16*** | 0.29*** | 0.39*** | -0.37*** | -0.29*** | -0.30*** | -0.37*** | -0.46*** | — |
图2夫妻依恋与留守老人孤独感结构方程模型图注：A1-14是《老年人夫妻依恋问卷》条目; CSE1-3是《核心自我评价量表》打包题目组; Lone1、2是《ULS-8孤独感量表》打包题目组, 图中系数均在0.001水平上显著。
图2夫妻依恋与留守老人孤独感结构方程模型图注：A1-14是《老年人夫妻依恋问卷》条目; CSE1-3是《核心自我评价量表》打包题目组; Lone1、2是《ULS-8孤独感量表》打包题目组, 图中系数均在0.001水平上显著。表4领悟社会支持、核心自我评价在夫妻依恋与留守老人孤独感之间中介效应检验的Bootstrap分析
| 路径 | 标准化的间接效应估计 | 95%置信区间 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 下限 | 上限 | ||
| 1. 依恋安全—领悟社会支持—孤独感 | 0.44 × (-0.21) = -0.09 | -0.11 | -0.08 |
| 2. 依恋安全—领悟社会支持—核心自我评价—孤独感 | 0.44 × 0.53 × (-0.35) = -0.08 | -0.11 | -0.05 |
| 3. 依恋回避—领悟社会支持—孤独感 | -0.15 × (-0.21) = 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.05 |
| 4. 依恋回避—领悟社会支持—核心自我评价—孤独感 | -0.15 × 0.53 × (-0.35 ) = 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.05 |
| 5. 依恋焦虑—核心自我评价—孤独感 | -0.23 × (-0.35) = 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.16 |
表4领悟社会支持、核心自我评价在夫妻依恋与留守老人孤独感之间中介效应检验的Bootstrap分析
| 路径 | 标准化的间接效应估计 | 95%置信区间 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 下限 | 上限 | ||
| 1. 依恋安全—领悟社会支持—孤独感 | 0.44 × (-0.21) = -0.09 | -0.11 | -0.08 |
| 2. 依恋安全—领悟社会支持—核心自我评价—孤独感 | 0.44 × 0.53 × (-0.35) = -0.08 | -0.11 | -0.05 |
| 3. 依恋回避—领悟社会支持—孤独感 | -0.15 × (-0.21) = 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.05 |
| 4. 依恋回避—领悟社会支持—核心自我评价—孤独感 | -0.15 × 0.53 × (-0.35 ) = 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.05 |
| 5. 依恋焦虑—核心自我评价—孤独感 | -0.23 × (-0.35) = 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.16 |
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