) 1福建农林大学马克思主义学院, 福州 350002
2苏州工业园区斜塘学校, 苏州 215123
3浙江师范大学心理学院, 金华 321004
4首都师范大学心理学院, 北京 100048
收稿日期:2019-08-21出版日期:2020-01-15发布日期:2019-11-21通讯作者:罗劲E-mail:luoj@psych.ac.cn基金资助:教育部人文社科项目(19YJC710100);福建农林大学****科研人才计划资助项目(XJQ201931)Is catharsis beneficial or harmful? The psychological intervention effect and potential harm of catharsis
ZHAN Jun1, XU Hongfei2, REN Jun3, LUO Jing4() 1 School of Marxism, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
2 Suzhou Industrial Park Xietang School, Suzhou 215123, China
3 School of psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
4 School of psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
Received:2019-08-21Online:2020-01-15Published:2019-11-21Contact:LUO Jing E-mail:luoj@psych.ac.cn摘要/Abstract
摘要： 宣泄经典理论认为, 发泄能够有效地缓解愤怒情绪和攻击冲动, 然而, 直接宣泄、间接宣泄及目标宣泄对攻击性影响的大量实验研究揭示了宣泄的潜在危害性及其作用机制, 宣泄不但不能降低愤怒反而会通过认知加工等因素提升攻击性。尽管如此, 大众仍青睐于宣泄这种看似便捷的情绪调节方式, 如宣泄设备已成为心理咨询机构的标准配置。这不仅反映了人们对心理宣泄的片面认知, 更折射出了目前我国社会心理服务体系建设缺乏科学化和规范化。未来研究应重视, 普遍使用宣泄设备作为现代心理干预手段可能存在的问题与解决路径。
图/表 1
图1心理咨询室配置情况调查结果图 注：图A表示各个功能区在心理咨询室中的分布比重; 图B表示各类设备在心理咨询室设备中的配置比重; 图C是未配置宣泄设备的单位中对配置宣泄设备的需求比重。
图1心理咨询室配置情况调查结果图 注：图A表示各个功能区在心理咨询室中的分布比重; 图B表示各类设备在心理咨询室设备中的配置比重; 图C是未配置宣泄设备的单位中对配置宣泄设备的需求比重。参考文献 72
| 1 | 朱立元, 袁晓琳 . ( 2008). 亚里士多德悲剧净化说的现代解读. 天津社会科学, 2( 2), 116-121. |
| 2 | AndersonC.A., . ( 2004). An update on the effects of playing violent video games. Journal of Adolescence, 27( 1), 113-122. |
| 3 | Anderson C. A., Benjamin Jr A. J., & Bartholow B. D . ( 1998). Does the gun pull the trigger? Automatic priming effects of weapon pictures and weapon names. Psychological Science, 9( 4), 308-314. |
| 4 | AndersonC.., &Bushman B.J, . ( 2001). Effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, and prosocial behavior: A meta-analytic review of the scientific literature. Psychological Science, 12( 5), 353-359. |
| 5 | AndersonC.., &Bushman B.J, . ( 2002 a). The effects of media violence on society. Science, 295( 5564), 2377-2379. |
| 6 | AndersonC.., &Bushman B.J, . (2002b). Human aggression. Annual Review of Psychology,53,27-51. |
| 7 | AndersonC.., &Carnagey N.L, . ( 2004). Violent evil and the general aggression model. The Social Psychology of Good and Evil, 1( 3), 245-258. |
| 8 | Anderson C. A., Carnagey N. L., & Eubanks J . ( 2003). Exposure to violent media: The effects of songs with violent lyrics on aggressive thoughts and feelings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84( 5), 960. |
| 9 | Anderson C. A., Shibuya A., Ihori N., Swing E. L., Bushman B. J., Sakamoto A., .. Saleem M . ( 2010). Violent video game effects on aggression, empathy, and prosocial behavior in Eastern and Western countries: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 136( 2), 151-173. |
| 10 | Bandura A. ( 1965). Influence of models' reinforcement contingencies on the acquisition of imitative responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1( 6), 589-595. |
| 11 | Bandura A. ( 1973). Aggression: A social learning analysis.Oxford, England:Prentice-Hall. |
| 12 | Bandura A., Ross D., & Ross S. A . ( 1961). Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63( 3), 575-582. |
| 13 | BanduraA., &Walters R.H, . ( 1963). Social learning and personality development. New York: Holt, Rinehart &Winston. |
| 14 | Bargh J. A., Chen M., & Burrows L . ( 1996). Automaticity of social behavior: Direct effects of trait construct and stereotype activation on action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71( 2), 230-244. |
| 15 | Berkowitz L.( 1970). Experimental investigations of hostility catharsis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 35( 1, p1), 1-7. |
| 16 | Berkowitz L.( 1984). Some effects of thoughts on anti-and prosocial influences of media events: A cognitive-neoassociation analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 95( 3), 410-427. |
| 17 | Berkowitz L. ( 1990). On the formation and regulation of anger and aggression: A cognitive-neoassociationistic analysis. American Psychologist, 45( 4), 494-503. |
| 18 | Berkowitz L. ( 1993). Pain and aggression: Some findings and implications. Motivation and Emotion, 17( 3), 277-293. |
| 19 | BreuerJ., &Elson, M . ( 2017). Frustration-aggression theory. The Wiley Handbook of Violence and Aggression, 1-12. |
| 20 | BreuerJ., &Freud, S . ( 1957). Studies on hysteria.Oxford, England: Basic Books. |
| 21 | BushmanB.J., . ( 2002). Does venting anger feed or extinguish the flame? Catharsis, rumination, distraction, anger, and aggressive responding. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28( 6), 724-731. |
| 22 | BushmanB.J., . ( 2018). Editorial overview: Aggression and violence. Current Opinion in Psychology,19,iv-vi. |
| 23 | BushmanB.., &Baumeister R.F, . ( 1998). Threatened egotism, narcissism, self-esteem, and direct and displaced aggression: Does self-love or self-hate lead to violence?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75( 1), 219-229. |
| 24 | Bushman B. J., Baumeister R. F., & Phillips C. M . ( 2001). Do people aggress to improve their mood? Catharsis beliefs, affect regulation opportunity, and aggressive responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81( 1), 17-32. |
| 25 | Bushman B. J., Baumeister R. F., & Stack A. D . ( 1999). Catharsis, aggression, and persuasive influence: Self- fulfilling or self-defeating prophecies? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76( 3), 367-376. |
| 26 | BussA.H., . ( 1961). The psychology of aggression. Hoboken, NJ, US: John Wiley &Sons Inc. |
| 27 | CapraraG.V., . (1986). Indicators of aggression: The dissipation- rumination scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 7( 6), 763-769. |
| 28 | CrickN.., &Dodge K.A, . ( 1994). A review and reformulation of social information-processing mechanisms in children's social adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 115( 1), 74-101. |
| 29 | Denson T. F., Pedersen W. C., & Miller N . ( 2006). The displaced aggression questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90( 6), 1032-1051. |
| 30 | DenzlerM., &F?rster, J . ( 2012). A goal model of catharsis. European Review of Social Psychology, 23( 1), 107-142. |
| 31 | Denzler M., F?rster J., & Liberman N . ( 2009). How goal- fulfillment decreases aggression. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45( 1), 90-100. |
| 32 | DodgeK.., &Crick N.R, . ( 1990). Social information- processing bases of aggressive behavior in children. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 16( 1), 8-22. |
| 33 | Dollard J., Miller N. E., Doob L. W., Mowrer O. H. , & Sears, R. R. ( 1939). Frustration and aggression. New Haven, CT, US: Yale University Press. |
| 34 | Ebbesen E. B., Duncan B., & Konecni V. J . ( 1975). Effects of content of verbal aggression on future verbal aggression: A field experiment. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 11( 2), 192-204. |
| 35 | Eisenberg N., Ma Y., Chang L., Zhou Q., West S. G., & Aiken L . ( 2007). Relations of effortful control, reactive undercontrol, and anger to Chinese children's adjustment. Development and Psychopathology, 19( 2), 385-409. |
| 36 | ErdelyiM.H., . ( 1985). Psychoanalysis: Freud's cognitive psychology. New York:Freeman. |
| 37 | F?rster J., Liberman N., & Higgins E. T . ( 2005). Accessibility from active and fulfilled goals. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41( 3), 220-239. |
| 38 | GeenR.., &Berkowitz, L . ( 1967). Some conditions facilitating the occurrence of aggression after the observation of violence. Journal of Personality, 35( 4), 666-676. |
| 39 | Geen R. G. ,&Quanty, M. B.( 1977). The catharsis of aggression:An evaluation of a hypojournal. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 10, pp.1-37).New York:Academic Press. |
| 40 | Geen R. G., Stonner D., & Shope G. L . ( 1975). The facilitation of aggression by aggression: Evidence against the catharsis hypojournal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31( 4), 721-726. |
| 41 | Gerin W., Davidson K. W., Christenfeld N. J., Goyal T., & Schwartz J. E . ( 2006). The role of angry rumination and distraction in blood pressure recovery from emotional arousal. Psychosomatic Medicine, 68( 1), 64-72. |
| 42 | GollwitzerM., &Bushman B.J, . ( 2012). Do victims of injustice punish to improve their mood? Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3( 5), 572-580. |
| 43 | GollwitzerM., &Denzler, M . ( 2009). What makes revenge sweet: Seeing the offender suffer or delivering a message? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45( 4), 840-844. |
| 44 | HokansonJ.E., . ( 1961). The effects of frustration and anxiety on overt aggression. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62( 2), 346-351. |
| 45 | HokansonJ.E., . ( 1974). Investigating aggression from mice to man. Psyccritiques, 19( 10), 714-715. |
| 46 | HokansonJ.., &Burgess, M . ( 1962 a). The effects of status, type of frustration, and aggression on vascular processes. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 65( 4), 232. |
| 47 | HokansonJ.., &Burgess, M . ( 1962 b). The effects of three types of aggression on vascular processes. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 64( 6), 446-449. |
| 48 | Hokanson J. E., Burgess M., & Cohen M. F . ( 1963). Effect of displaced aggression on systolic blood pressure. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67( 3), 214-218. |
| 49 | HokansonJ.., &Edelman, R . ( 1966). Effects of three social responses on vascular processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3( 4), 442-447. |
| 50 | HokansonJ.., &Shetler, S . ( 1961). The effect of overt aggression on physiological arousal level. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63( 2), 446-448. |
| 51 | HornbergerR.H., . ( 1959). The differential reduction of aggressive responses as a function of interpolated activities. American Psychologist, 14, 354. |
| 52 | Kone?ni, V. ( 2016). The anger-aggression bidirectional- causation (AABC) model’s relevance for dyadic violence, revenge, and catharsis. Social Behavior Research and Practice Open Journal, 1( 1), 1-9. |
| 53 | Lorenz, K. ( 1966). On Aggression. London: Methuen. |
| 54 | MallickS.., &Mccandless B.R, . ( 1966). A study of catharsis of aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4( 6), 591-596. |
| 55 | Marcus-Newhall A., Pedersen W. C., Carlson M., & Miller N . ( 2000). Displaced aggression is alive and well: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78( 4), 670-689. |
| 56 | MillerN.E., . ( 1941). I. The frustration-aggression hypojournal. Psychological Review, 48( 4), 337-342. |
| 57 | Nolen-Hoeksema S., Wisco B. E., & Lyubomirsky S . ( 2008). Rethinking Rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3( 5), 400-424. |
| 58 | ParlamisJ.D., . ( 2012). Venting as emotion regulation: The influence of venting responses and respondent identity on anger and emotional tone. International Journal of Conflict Management, 23( 1), 77-96. |
| 59 | Putman P., Hermans E., & van Honk J . ( 2004). Emotional stroop performance for masked angry faces: It's BAS, not BIS. Emotion, 4( 3), 305-311. |
| 60 | RothbartM.K., . ( 2007). Temperament, development, and personality. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16( 4), 207-212. |
| 61 | RothbartM.., &Rueda M.R, . ( 2005). The development of effortful control. Developing Individuality in the Human Brain: A tribute to Michael I. Posner, 167-188. |
| 62 | RowellHuesmann, L . ( 1988). An information processing model for the development of aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 14( 1), 13-24. |
| 63 | RustingC.., &Nolen-Hoeksema, S . ( 1998). Regulating responses to anger: Effects of rumination and distraction on angry mood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74( 3), 790-803. |
| 64 | SchaeferC.., &Mattei, D . ( 2005). Catharsis: Effectiveness in children's aggression. International Journal of Play Therapy, 14(2), 103-109. |
| 65 | Scheff, T. ( 1981). Catharsis in healing, ritual, and drama. Lincoln, NE: iUniverse.com: Inc. |
| 66 | ThibautJ.., &Coules, J . ( 1952). The role of communication in the reduction of interpersonal hostility. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 47( 4), 770-777. |
| 67 | ThorndikeE.L., . ( 1932). The fundamentals of learning. New York: Bureau of Publications Teachers College. |
| 68 | TiceD.., &Baumeister R.F, . ( 1993). Controlling anger: Self-induced emotion change. In D. M. Wegner & J. W. Pennebaker (Eds.), Century psychology series. Handbook of mental control( pp. 393-409). Englewood Cliffs, NJ, US: Prentice-Hall, Inc. |
| 69 | VeronaE., &Sullivan E.A, . ( 2008). Emotional catharsis and aggression revisited: Heart rate reduction following aggressive responding. Emotion, 8( 3), 331-340. |
| 70 | WilkowskiB.., &Robinson M.D, . ( 2008). The cognitive basis of trait anger and reactive aggression: An integrative analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 12( 1), 3-21. |
| 71 | WilkowskiB.., &Robinson M.D, . ( 2010). The anatomy of anger: An integrative cognitive model of trait anger and reactive aggression. Journal of Personality, 78( 1), 9-38. |
| 72 | Worchel, P. ( 1957). Catharsis and the relief of hostility. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55( 2), 238-243. |
相关文章 15
| [1] | 金国敏, 李丹. 慈悲冥想对利他行为的影响及其认知神经机制[J]. 心理科学进展, 2020, 28(6): 978-986. |
| [2] | 金国敏, 刘啸莳, 李丹. 何不宽以待己?自悯的作用机制及干预[J]. 心理科学进展, 2020, 28(5): 824-832. |
| [3] | 陈永进, 黄惠珍, 支愧云, 张尚贤, 林秋韵, 王庆娅, 安蔚. 睡眠时型与抑郁的关系及其机制 *[J]. 心理科学进展, 2020, 28(10): 1713-1722. |
| [4] | 杨瑜, 李鸣, 陈红. 母性应激对母性行为和心理功能的影响[J]. 心理科学进展, 2020, 28(1): 128-140. |
| [5] | 张洁婷, 张境锋, 高楷东, 文超, 崔汉卿, 刘金婷. 儿童期逆境与基因对男性服刑人员攻击性的影响[J]. 心理科学进展, 2019, 27(8): 1344-1353. |
| [6] | 刘方, 刘文, 于腾旭. 基于气质视角的情绪调节与儿童问题行为[J]. 心理科学进展, 2019, 27(4): 646-656. |
| [7] | 李晓晨, 常若松, 马锦飞. 攻击性驾驶行为的综合模型[J]. 心理科学进展, 2019, 27(4): 748-760. |
| [8] | 潘彦谷, 肖遥, 胡俞, 刘广增, 李知洋. 安全依恋对共情和利他行为的影响[J]. 心理科学进展, 2019, 27(12): 2077-2083. |
| [9] | 冯彩玲. 工作场所领导愤怒的有效性及其作用机制[J]. 心理科学进展, 2019, 27(11): 1917-1928. |
| [10] | 刘晨, 陈旭. 依恋视角下自传体记忆提取的差异[J]. 心理科学进展, 2018, 26(9): 1590-1599. |
| [11] | 张慧会, 张亮. 早期应激对情绪调节的影响及其神经机制[J]. 心理科学进展, 2018, 26(7): 1193-1203. |
| [12] | 施国春, 张丽华, 范会勇. 攻击性和自尊关系的元分析[J]. 心理科学进展, 2017, 25(8): 1274-1288. |
| [13] | 袁媛;沈汪兵;施春华;刘畅;刘取芝;刘昌. 顿悟体验的心理与神经机制[J]. 心理科学进展, 2016, 24(9): 1329-1338. |
| [14] | 朱传林;李萍;罗文波;齐正阳;何蔚祺. 精神分裂症患者的情绪调节[J]. 心理科学进展, 2016, 24(4): 556-572. |
| [15] | 王曼;黄敏儿;谢永标. 情绪复杂性对精神症状的影响途径及干预技术[J]. 心理科学进展, 2016, 24(1): 66-72. |
PDF全文下载地址:
http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlkxjz/CN/article/downloadArticleFile.do?attachType=PDF&id=4916
