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智慧与幸福感的关系：基于多元幸福取向的视角

本站小编 Free考研考试/2022-01-01
傅绪荣, 魏新东, 王予灵, 汪凤炎()
南京师范大学道德教育研究所, 南京师范大学心理学院, 南京 210097
收稿日期:2018-06-01出版日期:2019-03-15发布日期:2019-01-22
通讯作者:汪凤炎E-mail:fywangjx8069@163.com

基金资助:教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地2016年度重大项目(16JJD880026)

The relationship between wisdom and well-being: A perspective based on multiple orientations to well-being

FU Xurong, WEI Xindong, WANG Yuling, WANG Fengyan()
Institute of Moral Education Research, Nanjing Normal University; School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University; Nanjing 210097, China
Received:2018-06-01Online:2019-03-15Published:2019-01-22
Contact:WANG Fengyan E-mail:fywangjx8069@163.com






摘要/Abstract


摘要： 智慧与幸福是人类的普遍追求。智慧与自我实现幸福感(eudaimonia well-being)正相关得到研究者的普遍认同。智慧与享乐主义幸福感(hedonia well-being)是何种关系, 仍在争论中。从智慧发展的角度, ****提出了积极人格发展观和发展历程观, 对智慧与幸福感的关系进行更深入的理论探讨。结合中国文化及智慧和幸福感的研究进展, 提出发展水平观：随着智慧发展水平不断提高, 个体幸福感的来源、持续时间以及对身心健康的影响存在差异。未来宜重点解决两个问题：(1)选择和编制适宜的智慧和幸福感测量工具; (2)澄清智慧与幸福感的因果关系。


表1智慧与自我实现幸福感正相关的证据
作者(年代) 文化
群体		 年龄
跨度		 测量智慧的
工具或范式		 自我实现
幸福感的测量指标		 相关系数
Staudinger et al. (1997) 德国人 19~87 BWM 开放性, 心理感受性 r开放性 = 0.42, r心理感受性 = 0.28
Kunzmann & Baltes
(2003)		 德国人 15~70 BWM 价值观：自我成长、洞察力、增进友人福祉、社会贡献和生态保护, 合作倾向 r自我成长= 0.20, r洞察力 = 0.23,
r友人福祉 = 0.20, r生态保护= 0.17,
r社会贡献 = 0.17, r合作倾向 = 0.16
Ardelt (2003) 美国人 52~87 3D-WS 控制感, 人生目标 r控制感 = 0.63, r人生目标 = 0.61
Webster (2010) 加拿大人、中国人、印度人等 18~36 SAWS 价值观：自我成长、洞察力、增进友人福祉、社会贡献和生态保护, 生命态度 r自我成长 = 0.55, r洞察力 = 0.51,
r友人福祉 = 0.34, r生态保护 = 0.39,
r社会贡献 = 0.26, r生命态度 = 0.23
Le (2011) 美国人 39~96 3D-WS 价值观：自我提升(权力、快乐和成就), 开放性, 自我超越(仁慈和宇宙视野) r自我提升 = -0.08, ns
r开放性 = 0.20, r自我超越 = 0.17
Ardelt (2011) 主体是澳大利亚人 18~68 3D-WS 心理幸福感 r =040~0.49
Taylor et al. (2011) 同上 同上 3D-WS, SAWS 心理幸福感 r3D-WS = 0.64, rSAWS = 0.46
Etezadi & Pushkar
(2013)		 具体不详, 说英语和法语 45~79 3D-WS 生活参与度, 感知控制 r生活参与= 0.35, r感知控制 = 0.40
Webster et al. (2012) 丹麦人 17~92 SAWS 心理幸福感 r = 0.44
Wink & Staudinger
(2015)		 美国中产阶级 68~77 BWM 人格成长(开放性、心理感受性、自我成长、自主性、人生目标), 创生 r人格成长 = 0.57, r创生 = 0.34
Ardelt, Gerlach, &
Vaillant (2018)		 美国人 平均80 3D-WS 开放性 r = 0.31

表1智慧与自我实现幸福感正相关的证据
作者(年代) 文化
群体		 年龄
跨度		 测量智慧的
工具或范式		 自我实现
幸福感的测量指标		 相关系数
Staudinger et al. (1997) 德国人 19~87 BWM 开放性, 心理感受性 r开放性 = 0.42, r心理感受性 = 0.28
Kunzmann & Baltes
(2003)		 德国人 15~70 BWM 价值观：自我成长、洞察力、增进友人福祉、社会贡献和生态保护, 合作倾向 r自我成长= 0.20, r洞察力 = 0.23,
r友人福祉 = 0.20, r生态保护= 0.17,
r社会贡献 = 0.17, r合作倾向 = 0.16
Ardelt (2003) 美国人 52~87 3D-WS 控制感, 人生目标 r控制感 = 0.63, r人生目标 = 0.61
Webster (2010) 加拿大人、中国人、印度人等 18~36 SAWS 价值观：自我成长、洞察力、增进友人福祉、社会贡献和生态保护, 生命态度 r自我成长 = 0.55, r洞察力 = 0.51,
r友人福祉 = 0.34, r生态保护 = 0.39,
r社会贡献 = 0.26, r生命态度 = 0.23
Le (2011) 美国人 39~96 3D-WS 价值观：自我提升(权力、快乐和成就), 开放性, 自我超越(仁慈和宇宙视野) r自我提升 = -0.08, ns
r开放性 = 0.20, r自我超越 = 0.17
Ardelt (2011) 主体是澳大利亚人 18~68 3D-WS 心理幸福感 r =040~0.49
Taylor et al. (2011) 同上 同上 3D-WS, SAWS 心理幸福感 r3D-WS = 0.64, rSAWS = 0.46
Etezadi & Pushkar
(2013)		 具体不详, 说英语和法语 45~79 3D-WS 生活参与度, 感知控制 r生活参与= 0.35, r感知控制 = 0.40
Webster et al. (2012) 丹麦人 17~92 SAWS 心理幸福感 r = 0.44
Wink & Staudinger
(2015)		 美国中产阶级 68~77 BWM 人格成长(开放性、心理感受性、自我成长、自主性、人生目标), 创生 r人格成长 = 0.57, r创生 = 0.34
Ardelt, Gerlach, &
Vaillant (2018)		 美国人 平均80 3D-WS 开放性 r = 0.31


表2智慧与享乐主义幸福感的关系
研究者(年代) 文化
群体		 年龄
跨度		 测量智慧的工具或范式 享乐主义
幸福感的测量指标		 相关系数
智慧与享乐主义幸福感几乎无关
Wink & Helson (1997) 美国人 27~52 BWM 生活满意度和夫妻关系满意度 r生活满意度 = 0.16, ns,
r夫妻关系满意度 = 0.02, ns
Kunzmann & Baltes (2003) 德国人 15~70 BWM 情绪形容词 r快乐情绪 = -0.17,
r消极情绪 = -0.13,
r情绪卷入 = 0.28
Mickler & Staudinger (2008) 德国人 20~40
60~80		 BWM 情绪形容词 r积极情绪 = 0.05~0.11, ns,
r消极情绪 = -0.02~0.04, ns
Le (2011) 美国人 39~96 ASTI 生活满意度 r = 0.09, ns
Grossmann et al. (2013) 美国人 25~90 智慧推理 积极情绪, 消极情绪, 人际关系质量, 反刍, 生活满意度, 人生叙事的情感语言 r生活满意度 = 0.17, r积极情绪=0.01, ns,
r消极情绪 = -0.27, r人际关系质量 = 0.25,
r情感语言 = 0.19
Hu, Huang, Ferrari, Wang, Xie, & Zhang (2018) 中国人 18~22 BWM 面部表情记录设备 r悲伤情绪 = 0.36
智慧与享乐主义幸福感中等正相关
Ardelt (1997) 美国人 58~82 3D-WS 生活满意度 r女 = 0.76, r男 = 0.70
Ardelt (2003) 美国人 52~87 3D-WS 一般幸福感和抑郁 r一般幸福感= 0.45, r抑郁 = -0.59
Neff, Rude, & Kirkpatrick (2007) 美国人 不详(大学生) 3D-WS 主观幸福感 r认知 = 0.11, ns,
r反省 = 0.47, r情感 = 0.35
Beaumont (2009) 加拿大人 18~35 ASTI 主观幸福感 r = 0.48
Le (2011) 美国人 39~96 3D-WS 生活满意度 r = 0.33
Bergsma & Ardelt (2012) 丹麦人 20~70 3D-WS 快乐情绪 r = 0.30
Webster et al. (2012) 丹麦人 17~92 SAWS 快乐情绪 r = 0.30
Zacher, McKenna, & Rooney (2013) 美国人 16~74 3D-WS 生活满意度, 积极情绪, 消极情绪 r生活满意度 = 0.16, r积极情绪 = 0.14, r消极情绪 = -0.29
Etezadi & Pushkar (2013) 具体不详, 说英语和法语 45~79 3D-WS 积极情绪, 消极情绪 r积极情绪 = 0.34, r消极情绪 = -0.27
Wink & Staudinger (2015) 美国人 68~77 BWM 人格适应(宜人性、责任心、低神经质, 环境控制、积极人际关系、自我接纳) r人格适应 = 0.25
Ardelt & Jeste (2016) 美国人 51~99 3D-WS 生活满意度, 一般幸福感, 积极情绪, 心理健康 r生活满意度 = 0.29, r一般幸福感 = 0.35,
r积极情绪= 0.34, r心理健康 = 0.33
Thomas, Bangen, Ardelt, & Jeste (2017) 美国人 21~100 3D-WS 心理健康, 一般幸福感, 焦虑, 生活满意度 r心理健康 = 0.26, r一般幸福感 = 0.35,
r焦虑 = -0.27, r生活满意度 = 0.30
Ardelt et al. (2018) 美国人 平均80 3D-WS 一般幸福感 r = 0.17

表2智慧与享乐主义幸福感的关系
研究者(年代) 文化
群体		 年龄
跨度		 测量智慧的工具或范式 享乐主义
幸福感的测量指标		 相关系数
智慧与享乐主义幸福感几乎无关
Wink & Helson (1997) 美国人 27~52 BWM 生活满意度和夫妻关系满意度 r生活满意度 = 0.16, ns,
r夫妻关系满意度 = 0.02, ns
Kunzmann & Baltes (2003) 德国人 15~70 BWM 情绪形容词 r快乐情绪 = -0.17,
r消极情绪 = -0.13,
r情绪卷入 = 0.28
Mickler & Staudinger (2008) 德国人 20~40
60~80		 BWM 情绪形容词 r积极情绪 = 0.05~0.11, ns,
r消极情绪 = -0.02~0.04, ns
Le (2011) 美国人 39~96 ASTI 生活满意度 r = 0.09, ns
Grossmann et al. (2013) 美国人 25~90 智慧推理 积极情绪, 消极情绪, 人际关系质量, 反刍, 生活满意度, 人生叙事的情感语言 r生活满意度 = 0.17, r积极情绪=0.01, ns,
r消极情绪 = -0.27, r人际关系质量 = 0.25,
r情感语言 = 0.19
Hu, Huang, Ferrari, Wang, Xie, & Zhang (2018) 中国人 18~22 BWM 面部表情记录设备 r悲伤情绪 = 0.36
智慧与享乐主义幸福感中等正相关
Ardelt (1997) 美国人 58~82 3D-WS 生活满意度 r女 = 0.76, r男 = 0.70
Ardelt (2003) 美国人 52~87 3D-WS 一般幸福感和抑郁 r一般幸福感= 0.45, r抑郁 = -0.59
Neff, Rude, & Kirkpatrick (2007) 美国人 不详(大学生) 3D-WS 主观幸福感 r认知 = 0.11, ns,
r反省 = 0.47, r情感 = 0.35
Beaumont (2009) 加拿大人 18~35 ASTI 主观幸福感 r = 0.48
Le (2011) 美国人 39~96 3D-WS 生活满意度 r = 0.33
Bergsma & Ardelt (2012) 丹麦人 20~70 3D-WS 快乐情绪 r = 0.30
Webster et al. (2012) 丹麦人 17~92 SAWS 快乐情绪 r = 0.30
Zacher, McKenna, & Rooney (2013) 美国人 16~74 3D-WS 生活满意度, 积极情绪, 消极情绪 r生活满意度 = 0.16, r积极情绪 = 0.14, r消极情绪 = -0.29
Etezadi & Pushkar (2013) 具体不详, 说英语和法语 45~79 3D-WS 积极情绪, 消极情绪 r积极情绪 = 0.34, r消极情绪 = -0.27
Wink & Staudinger (2015) 美国人 68~77 BWM 人格适应(宜人性、责任心、低神经质, 环境控制、积极人际关系、自我接纳) r人格适应 = 0.25
Ardelt & Jeste (2016) 美国人 51~99 3D-WS 生活满意度, 一般幸福感, 积极情绪, 心理健康 r生活满意度 = 0.29, r一般幸福感 = 0.35,
r积极情绪= 0.34, r心理健康 = 0.33
Thomas, Bangen, Ardelt, & Jeste (2017) 美国人 21~100 3D-WS 心理健康, 一般幸福感, 焦虑, 生活满意度 r心理健康 = 0.26, r一般幸福感 = 0.35,
r焦虑 = -0.27, r生活满意度 = 0.30
Ardelt et al. (2018) 美国人 平均80 3D-WS 一般幸福感 r = 0.17



图1智慧与幸福感之关系的三种发展路径 文献来源：Weststrate和Glück (2017a)
图1智慧与幸福感之关系的三种发展路径 文献来源：Weststrate和Glück (2017a)







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