
南京师范大学道德教育研究所, 南京师范大学心理学院, 南京 210097
收稿日期:
2018-06-01出版日期:
2019-03-15发布日期:
2019-01-22通讯作者:
汪凤炎E-mail:fywangjx8069@163.com基金资助:
教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地2016年度重大项目(16JJD880026)The relationship between wisdom and well-being: A perspective based on multiple orientations to well-being
FU Xurong, WEI Xindong, WANG Yuling, WANG Fengyan(
Institute of Moral Education Research, Nanjing Normal University; School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University; Nanjing 210097, China
Received:
2018-06-01Online:
2019-03-15Published:
2019-01-22Contact:
WANG Fengyan E-mail:fywangjx8069@163.com摘要/Abstract
摘要: 智慧与幸福是人类的普遍追求。智慧与自我实现幸福感(eudaimonia well-being)正相关得到研究者的普遍认同。智慧与享乐主义幸福感(hedonia well-being)是何种关系, 仍在争论中。从智慧发展的角度, ****提出了积极人格发展观和发展历程观, 对智慧与幸福感的关系进行更深入的理论探讨。结合中国文化及智慧和幸福感的研究进展, 提出发展水平观:随着智慧发展水平不断提高, 个体幸福感的来源、持续时间以及对身心健康的影响存在差异。未来宜重点解决两个问题:(1)选择和编制适宜的智慧和幸福感测量工具; (2)澄清智慧与幸福感的因果关系。
图/表 3
表1智慧与自我实现幸福感正相关的证据
作者(年代) | 文化 群体 | 年龄 跨度 | 测量智慧的 工具或范式 | 自我实现 幸福感的测量指标 | 相关系数 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
德国人 | 19~87 | BWM | 开放性, 心理感受性 | r开放性 = 0.42, r心理感受性 = 0.28 | |
(2003 | 德国人 | 15~70 | BWM | 价值观:自我成长、洞察力、增进友人福祉、社会贡献和生态保护, 合作倾向 | r自我成长= 0.20, r洞察力 = 0.23, r友人福祉 = 0.20, r生态保护= 0.17, r社会贡献 = 0.17, r合作倾向 = 0.16 |
美国人 | 52~87 | 3D-WS | 控制感, 人生目标 | r控制感 = 0.63, r人生目标 = 0.61 | |
加拿大人、中国人、印度人等 | 18~36 | SAWS | 价值观:自我成长、洞察力、增进友人福祉、社会贡献和生态保护, 生命态度 | r自我成长 = 0.55, r洞察力 = 0.51, r友人福祉 = 0.34, r生态保护 = 0.39, r社会贡献 = 0.26, r生命态度 = 0.23 | |
美国人 | 39~96 | 3D-WS | 价值观:自我提升(权力、快乐和成就), 开放性, 自我超越(仁慈和宇宙视野) | r自我提升 = -0.08, ns r开放性 = 0.20, r自我超越 = 0.17 | |
主体是澳大利亚人 | 18~68 | 3D-WS | 心理幸福感 | r =040~0.49 | |
同上 | 同上 | 3D-WS, SAWS | 心理幸福感 | r3D-WS = 0.64, rSAWS = 0.46 | |
(2013 | 具体不详, 说英语和法语 | 45~79 | 3D-WS | 生活参与度, 感知控制 | r生活参与= 0.35, r感知控制 = 0.40 |
丹麦人 | 17~92 | SAWS | 心理幸福感 | r = 0.44 | |
(2015 | 美国中产阶级 | 68~77 | BWM | 人格成长(开放性、心理感受性、自我成长、自主性、人生目标), 创生 | r人格成长 = 0.57, r创生 = 0.34 |
Vaillant (2018 | 美国人 | 平均80 | 3D-WS | 开放性 | r = 0.31 |
表1智慧与自我实现幸福感正相关的证据
作者(年代) | 文化 群体 | 年龄 跨度 | 测量智慧的 工具或范式 | 自我实现 幸福感的测量指标 | 相关系数 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
德国人 | 19~87 | BWM | 开放性, 心理感受性 | r开放性 = 0.42, r心理感受性 = 0.28 | |
(2003 | 德国人 | 15~70 | BWM | 价值观:自我成长、洞察力、增进友人福祉、社会贡献和生态保护, 合作倾向 | r自我成长= 0.20, r洞察力 = 0.23, r友人福祉 = 0.20, r生态保护= 0.17, r社会贡献 = 0.17, r合作倾向 = 0.16 |
美国人 | 52~87 | 3D-WS | 控制感, 人生目标 | r控制感 = 0.63, r人生目标 = 0.61 | |
加拿大人、中国人、印度人等 | 18~36 | SAWS | 价值观:自我成长、洞察力、增进友人福祉、社会贡献和生态保护, 生命态度 | r自我成长 = 0.55, r洞察力 = 0.51, r友人福祉 = 0.34, r生态保护 = 0.39, r社会贡献 = 0.26, r生命态度 = 0.23 | |
美国人 | 39~96 | 3D-WS | 价值观:自我提升(权力、快乐和成就), 开放性, 自我超越(仁慈和宇宙视野) | r自我提升 = -0.08, ns r开放性 = 0.20, r自我超越 = 0.17 | |
主体是澳大利亚人 | 18~68 | 3D-WS | 心理幸福感 | r =040~0.49 | |
同上 | 同上 | 3D-WS, SAWS | 心理幸福感 | r3D-WS = 0.64, rSAWS = 0.46 | |
(2013 | 具体不详, 说英语和法语 | 45~79 | 3D-WS | 生活参与度, 感知控制 | r生活参与= 0.35, r感知控制 = 0.40 |
丹麦人 | 17~92 | SAWS | 心理幸福感 | r = 0.44 | |
(2015 | 美国中产阶级 | 68~77 | BWM | 人格成长(开放性、心理感受性、自我成长、自主性、人生目标), 创生 | r人格成长 = 0.57, r创生 = 0.34 |
Vaillant (2018 | 美国人 | 平均80 | 3D-WS | 开放性 | r = 0.31 |
表2智慧与享乐主义幸福感的关系
研究者(年代) | 文化 群体 | 年龄 跨度 | 测量智慧的工具或范式 | 享乐主义 幸福感的测量指标 | 相关系数 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
智慧与享乐主义幸福感几乎无关 | |||||
Wink & | 美国人 | 27~52 | BWM | 生活满意度和夫妻关系满意度 | r生活满意度 = 0.16, ns, r夫妻关系满意度 = 0.02, ns |
Kunzmann & | 德国人 | 15~70 | BWM | 情绪形容词 | r快乐情绪 = -0.17, r消极情绪 = -0.13, r情绪卷入 = 0.28 |
Mickler & | 德国人 | 20~40 60~80 | BWM | 情绪形容词 | r积极情绪 = 0.05~0.11, ns, r消极情绪 = -0.02~0.04, ns |
美国人 | 39~96 | ASTI | 生活满意度 | r = 0.09, ns | |
美国人 | 25~90 | 智慧推理 | 积极情绪, 消极情绪, 人际关系质量, 反刍, 生活满意度, 人生叙事的情感语言 | r生活满意度 = 0.17, r积极情绪=0.01, ns, r消极情绪 = -0.27, r人际关系质量 = 0.25, r情感语言 = 0.19 | |
中国人 | 18~22 | BWM | 面部表情记录设备 | r悲伤情绪 = 0.36 | |
智慧与享乐主义幸福感中等正相关 | |||||
美国人 | 58~82 | 3D-WS | 生活满意度 | r女 = 0.76, r男 = 0.70 | |
美国人 | 52~87 | 3D-WS | 一般幸福感和抑郁 | r一般幸福感= 0.45, r抑郁 = -0.59 | |
Neff, Rude, & | 美国人 | 不详(大学生) | 3D-WS | 主观幸福感 | r认知 = 0.11, ns, r反省 = 0.47, r情感 = 0.35 |
加拿大人 | 18~35 | ASTI | 主观幸福感 | r = 0.48 | |
美国人 | 39~96 | 3D-WS | 生活满意度 | r = 0.33 | |
Bergsma & | 丹麦人 | 20~70 | 3D-WS | 快乐情绪 | r = 0.30 |
丹麦人 | 17~92 | SAWS | 快乐情绪 | r = 0.30 | |
Zacher, McKenna, & | 美国人 | 16~74 | 3D-WS | 生活满意度, 积极情绪, 消极情绪 | r生活满意度 = 0.16, r积极情绪 = 0.14, r消极情绪 = -0.29 |
Etezadi & | 具体不详, 说英语和法语 | 45~79 | 3D-WS | 积极情绪, 消极情绪 | r积极情绪 = 0.34, r消极情绪 = -0.27 |
美国人 | 68~77 | BWM | 人格适应(宜人性、责任心、低神经质, 环境控制、积极人际关系、自我接纳) | r人格适应 = 0.25 | |
Ardelt & | 美国人 | 51~99 | 3D-WS | 生活满意度, 一般幸福感, 积极情绪, 心理健康 | r生活满意度 = 0.29, r一般幸福感 = 0.35, r积极情绪= 0.34, r心理健康 = 0.33 |
Thomas, Bangen, Ardelt, & | 美国人 | 21~100 | 3D-WS | 心理健康, 一般幸福感, 焦虑, 生活满意度 | r心理健康 = 0.26, r一般幸福感 = 0.35, r焦虑 = -0.27, r生活满意度 = 0.30 |
美国人 | 平均80 | 3D-WS | 一般幸福感 | r = 0.17 |
表2智慧与享乐主义幸福感的关系
研究者(年代) | 文化 群体 | 年龄 跨度 | 测量智慧的工具或范式 | 享乐主义 幸福感的测量指标 | 相关系数 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
智慧与享乐主义幸福感几乎无关 | |||||
Wink & | 美国人 | 27~52 | BWM | 生活满意度和夫妻关系满意度 | r生活满意度 = 0.16, ns, r夫妻关系满意度 = 0.02, ns |
Kunzmann & | 德国人 | 15~70 | BWM | 情绪形容词 | r快乐情绪 = -0.17, r消极情绪 = -0.13, r情绪卷入 = 0.28 |
Mickler & | 德国人 | 20~40 60~80 | BWM | 情绪形容词 | r积极情绪 = 0.05~0.11, ns, r消极情绪 = -0.02~0.04, ns |
美国人 | 39~96 | ASTI | 生活满意度 | r = 0.09, ns | |
美国人 | 25~90 | 智慧推理 | 积极情绪, 消极情绪, 人际关系质量, 反刍, 生活满意度, 人生叙事的情感语言 | r生活满意度 = 0.17, r积极情绪=0.01, ns, r消极情绪 = -0.27, r人际关系质量 = 0.25, r情感语言 = 0.19 | |
中国人 | 18~22 | BWM | 面部表情记录设备 | r悲伤情绪 = 0.36 | |
智慧与享乐主义幸福感中等正相关 | |||||
美国人 | 58~82 | 3D-WS | 生活满意度 | r女 = 0.76, r男 = 0.70 | |
美国人 | 52~87 | 3D-WS | 一般幸福感和抑郁 | r一般幸福感= 0.45, r抑郁 = -0.59 | |
Neff, Rude, & | 美国人 | 不详(大学生) | 3D-WS | 主观幸福感 | r认知 = 0.11, ns, r反省 = 0.47, r情感 = 0.35 |
加拿大人 | 18~35 | ASTI | 主观幸福感 | r = 0.48 | |
美国人 | 39~96 | 3D-WS | 生活满意度 | r = 0.33 | |
Bergsma & | 丹麦人 | 20~70 | 3D-WS | 快乐情绪 | r = 0.30 |
丹麦人 | 17~92 | SAWS | 快乐情绪 | r = 0.30 | |
Zacher, McKenna, & | 美国人 | 16~74 | 3D-WS | 生活满意度, 积极情绪, 消极情绪 | r生活满意度 = 0.16, r积极情绪 = 0.14, r消极情绪 = -0.29 |
Etezadi & | 具体不详, 说英语和法语 | 45~79 | 3D-WS | 积极情绪, 消极情绪 | r积极情绪 = 0.34, r消极情绪 = -0.27 |
美国人 | 68~77 | BWM | 人格适应(宜人性、责任心、低神经质, 环境控制、积极人际关系、自我接纳) | r人格适应 = 0.25 | |
Ardelt & | 美国人 | 51~99 | 3D-WS | 生活满意度, 一般幸福感, 积极情绪, 心理健康 | r生活满意度 = 0.29, r一般幸福感 = 0.35, r积极情绪= 0.34, r心理健康 = 0.33 |
Thomas, Bangen, Ardelt, & | 美国人 | 21~100 | 3D-WS | 心理健康, 一般幸福感, 焦虑, 生活满意度 | r心理健康 = 0.26, r一般幸福感 = 0.35, r焦虑 = -0.27, r生活满意度 = 0.30 |
美国人 | 平均80 | 3D-WS | 一般幸福感 | r = 0.17 |

图1智慧与幸福感之关系的三种发展路径 文献来源:Weststrate和Glück (2017a)

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