Fund Project:Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51878407)
Received Date:02 June 2020
Accepted Date:28 June 2020
Available Online:29 September 2020
Published Online:05 October 2020
Abstract:Annealing is a commonly used fabrication technology of graphene-assembled materials, which serves as an efficient method to control material properties. In graphene-assembled materials, the multilayer folded configuration of graphene has been widely observed due to the two dimensional characteristic of graphene. However, the manipulation on the mechanical properties of graphene-assembled materials by annealing has not been fully understood yet, especially considering the effect of folded microstructures. In this paper, we focus on the effect of annealing temperature on the mechanical properties of multilayer folded graphene. The dependences of elastic modulus, tensile strength, ultimate strain and fracture toughness on the annealing temperature have been systematically studied by molecular dynamics simulations. Moreover, the mechanisms behind the manipulations by annealing temperature have been revealed combining the structural evolutions obtained from the simulations. Our results indicate that the multilayer folded graphene after annealing under higher temperature exhibits significant reinforcement on its elastic modulus and tensile strength, while its ultimate strain drops instead. The fracture toughness is enhanced only within a certain range of annealing temperature. The controllable mechanical properties are attributed to the formation of interlayer covalent bonds between carbon atoms belonging to adjacent layers during the annealing processing. With the annealing temperature increases, more interlayer crosslinks are observed from simulations, which greatly strengthens the interlayer interaction. For the cases with lower annealing temperature, the folded graphene can be unfolded easily then finally flattened under tensile stretch, and the structural failure originates from the interlayer slippage in the folded area. However, for the cases with higher annealing temperature, the unfolding deformation is prevented since the folded graphene is blocked by much denser interlayer crosslinks, and the origins of structural failure transforms to the intralayer fracture in graphene plane. Considering the intralayer covalent bond interaction is far more powerful than the interlayer van der Waals interaction, the higher annealing temperature will bring higher elastic modulus and tensile strength due to the change on the structural failure mode, but it will sacrifice the ductility at the same time due to the blocked unfolding process of folded area. It is confirmed in our study that the annealing is an effective approach for the synthetic modulation on the stiffness, strength, ductility and toughness of multilayer folded graphene. Keywords:multilayer folded graphene/ annealing temperature/ mechanical property/ molecular dynamics simulation
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3.1.力学性能随退火温度的变化
模拟研究了模型在Ta 为900, 1500, 2500 K 3种退火温度下的力学性能, 通过与室温300 K下的结果进行对比. 对应拉伸过程的应力应变曲线如图3所示. 当应变较小时, 这4条应力应变曲线均呈现出明显的线性趋势, 其斜率定义为退火处理后多层折叠石墨烯的弹性模量E. 随着应变的增加, 应力均出现了下降再升高的“阶梯式”变化, 这与折叠石墨烯的展开以及多层石墨烯的局部面内断裂有关, 下文中将对此应力演化过程展开具体的分析与讨论. 应力应变曲线最高点所对应的应力值则定义为对应的拉伸强度σb. 当应变增大到一定程度后, 整体结构将发生拉伸破坏, 因此图3中对应的应力开始显著下降, 直至其接近于0, 此时对应的应变定义为拉伸极限应变ε0, 用以体现材料的延展性. 除此之外, 结合文献中多种惯用的定义和计算方法[24-26], 本文将应力应变曲线与横轴所围成的面积与模型长度的乘积定义为多层折叠石墨烯的断裂韧性Г(单位为J·m–2), 以反应材料断裂单位面积所需的能量. 图 3 不同退火温度Ta下多层折叠石墨烯的拉伸应力应变曲线 Figure3. Stress-strain curves of multilayer folded graphene under different annealing temperature Ta.
在进行力学调控背后机理的讨论前, 研究构建了具有相同缺陷密度的平整带缺陷多层石墨烯和具有相同折叠结构的折叠无缺陷多层石墨烯这两个模型, 分别计算了不同的退火温度(Ta = 300, 900, 1500, 2500 K)对两者弹性模量与拉伸强度的影响, 结果如图5所示. 图 5 (a), (b) 不同退火温度处理下平整带缺陷多层石墨烯弹性模量与拉伸强度的变化; (c), (d) 不同退火温度处理下折叠无缺陷多层石墨烯弹性模量与拉伸强度的变化 Figure5. (a), (b) Dependence of elastic modulus and tensile strength on the annealing temperature, respectively, for the flat multilayer graphene with vacancy defects; (c), (d) dependence of elastic modulus and tensile strength on the annealing temperature, respectively, for the folded multilayer graphene without defects.