1.Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China 2.Microelectronics Institute, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
Fund Project:Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61006059, 6177402, 61901010), Beijing Natural Science Foundation, China (Grant Nos. 4143059, 4192014, 4204092), Beijing Municipal Education Committee Project, China (Grant No. KM201710005027), Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Beijing, China (Grant No. 2015ZZ-11), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant Nos. 2015M580951, 2019M650404), and Beijing Future Chip Technology High-tech Innovation Center Scientific Research Fund, China (Grant No. KYJJ2016008)
Received Date:15 February 2020
Accepted Date:09 May 2020
Available Online:13 June 2020
Published Online:05 October 2020
Abstract:As one of the primary elements in magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM), voltage controlled magnetic anisotropy magnetic tunnel junction (VCMA-MTJ) has received wide attention due to its fast read and write speed, low power dissipation, and compatibility with standard CMOS technology. However, with the downscaling of VCMA-MTJ and the increasing of storage density of MRAM, the effect of process deviation on the characteristics of MTJ becomes more and more obvious, which even leads to Read/Write (R/W) error in VCMA-MTJ circuits. Taking into account the depth deviation of the free layer (γtf) and the depth deviation of the oxide barrier layer (γtox) in magnetron sputtering technique as well as the etching process stability factor (α) caused by the sidewall re-deposition layer in the ion beam etching process, the electrical model of VCMA-MTJ with process deviation is presented in the paper. It is shown that the VCMA-MTJ cannot achieve the effective reversal of the magnetization direction when γtf ≥ 13% and γtox ≥ 11%. The precession of magnetization direction in VCMA-MTJ also becomes instable when α ≤ 0.7. Furthermore, the electrical model of VCMA-MTJ with process deviation is also applied to the R/W circuit to study the effect of process deviation on the R/W error in the circuit. Considering the fact that all of γtf, γtox, and α follow Gauss distribution, The 3σ/μ is adopted to represent the process deviation, with using Monte Carlo simulation, where σ is the standard deviation, and μ is the average value. It is shown that the write error of the circuit goes up to 30 % with 3σ/μ of 0.05 and the voltage (Vb) of 1.15 V. At the same time, the read error of the circuit is 20% with 3σ/μ of 0.05 and driving voltage (Vdd) of 0.6 V. Both the read error rate and the write error rate of the VCMA-MTJ circuit increase as process deviation increases. It is found that the write error rate can be effectively reduced by increasing Vb and reducing the voltage pulse width (tpw). The increasing of Vdd is helpful in reducing the read error rate effectively. Our research presents a useful guideline for designing and analyzing the VCMA-MTJ and VCMA-MTJ read/write circuits. Keywords:magnetic tunnel junction/ voltage controlled magnetic anisotropy/ process deviation/ read/write circuits
其中(10)式中等式右侧第二项远小于第一项, 可忽略不计, 即γtox与VC呈正比关系. 图7给出了不同γtf对VCMA-MTJ磁化状态切换的影响, 其中Vb = 1.2 V, tpw = 0.4 ns. 当γtf ≤ 12%时, MTJ自由层的磁化方向能够实现从P态到AP态的切换; 当γtf ≥ 13%时, MTJ不能实现从P态到AP态的切换. 这是因为, 从(9)式可知, 随着γtf的增加, Hk将减小, 从而导致MTJ的Heff向x-y平面偏转, 这不利于磁化方向的有效翻转. 图 7γtf对VCMA-MTJ磁化方向切换的影响, 其中Vb = 1.2 V, tpw = 0.4 ns Figure7. Effect of γtf on the magnetization direction switchingof VCMA-MTJ at Vb = 1.2 V, tpw = 0.4 ns.
图8给出了不同γtox对VCMA-MTJ磁化状态切换的影响. 当γtox ≤ 10%时, 自由层的磁化矢量能够发生翻转, VCMA-MTJ将由初始的P态切换为AP态; 当γtox ≥ 11%时, VCMA-MTJ将无法实现磁化状态的切换. 这是因为, 从(10)式可知, 当γtox较大时, 临界电压VC增大, 进而影响了自由层磁化矢量的进动, 从而导致切换错误. 图 8 不同γtox对VCMA-MTJ磁化状态切换的影响, 其中Vb = 1.1 V, tpw = 0.4 ns Figure8. Effect of γtox on magnetization direction switching of VCMA-MTJ at Vb = 1.1 V and tpw = 0.4 ns.
23.2.刻蚀工艺 -->
3.2.刻蚀工艺
离子束刻蚀技术具有刻蚀速率快、图形精度高、工艺参数可控性好等优势, 因此成为MTJ刻蚀的主流工具[29-31]. 但离子束刻蚀不可避免地会产生具有磁性的非挥发刻蚀产物, 如果沟槽深度较大或者沟槽宽度较小, 则粒子不能全部飞出槽外, 导致部分粒子附着在侧壁上, 形成再沉积层[32,33](图9). 图 9 离子束刻蚀产生侧壁再沉积层示意图 (a)刻蚀产生磁性粒子; (b)粒子聚集形成再沉积层 Figure9. Illustration of the formation of the sidewall re-deposited layer with ion beam etching: (a) Producing of magnetic particleses with etching process; (b) formation of the re-deposition layer with magnetic particleses.
图16给出了VCMA-MTJ读写电路在进行读“0”操作时的蒙特卡洛仿真波形, 其中N = 100, 3σ/μ = 0.07, Vdd = 0.8 V. 结果表明, 由于工艺误差的影响, 读错误率为2%. 图 16 VCMA-MTJ读电路的蒙特卡洛仿真波形, 其中N = 100, 3σ/μ = 0.07, Vdd = 0.8 V Figure16. Monte Carlo simulation waveform of the reading circuit of VCMA-MTJ at N = 100, 3σ/μ = 0.07, Vdd = 0.8 V