1.School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China 2.National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Fund Project:Project supported by the Major Research Plan of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 91748116) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 62005152)
Received Date:27 April 2020
Accepted Date:28 May 2020
Available Online:13 June 2020
Published Online:05 October 2020
Abstract:Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) have been considered as one of the preliminary candidates for the third-generation solar cells due to their particularly advantages, such as light-weight, low cost, solution processability and mechanical flexibility. In recent years, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of OPVs has achieved remarkable progress with the development of non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs), which exhibit stronger capability of light absorption and stability than the fullerene acceptors. However, the narrow absorption properties of organic materials still restrict the further breakthrough of the performance of OPVs. It is difficult for the binary heterojunction films to realize the effective wide spectrum utilization of solar energy. Ternary strategy, which consists of one donor and two acceptors or two donors and one acceptor in a bulk-heterojunction, has proven to be an effective and facile way to enhance performances of OPVs. The emergence of new NFAs such as ITIC, IT-4F, Y6 etc. greatly increases the selectivity of acceptors in a ternary system. It is necessary to investigate the compatibility of latest NFA materials and corresponding ternary device performance.In this article, we report a new ternary OPV system with dual NFAs and a polymer donor. The excellent NFA material (Y6), which was first reported in 2019, is used as the third component. Different concentrations of Y6 are introduced into the binary system based on PBDB-T-2F:IT-4F. The compatibility between materials and device performances are investigated through absorption capability of blend films, AFM, water contact angle, GISAXS, and corresponding electrical properties of devices. The 12.48% PCE is achieved from ternary OPVs with PBDB-T:IT-4F as the active layers containing 20wt% Y6 in acceptors, resulting from the enhanced Jsc of 22.09 mA/cm2, Voc of 0.83 V and FF of 68.45%. The origin of the improvement of the ternary OPVs is summarized below. Firstly, an apparently complementary absorption spectrum is obtained through the introduction of Y6, which has a stronger photo harvesting capability in the spectral range from 750 to 950 nm than IT-4F, and higher short current density (Jsc) is observed in the ternary devices than in the binary device. Secondly, a rougher surface of the active layer is observed by increasing the Y6 concentration, which may result in an inferior exciton dissociation and charge transport process, the existence of larger-scaled crystal is proved by the GISAXS technology. Thirdly, the introduced Y6 can help to suppress the bimolecular recombination, which is in favor of the incremental device performance. Approximately 17.85% PCE improvement is obtained in comparison with PBDB-T-2F:IT-4F based binary OPVs. Keywords:organic photovoltaics/ ternary OPVs/ non-fullerene accepter/ high efficiency
图 4 活性层薄膜水接触角测试, 其中Y6质量占比分别 (a) 0, (b) 10%, (c) 20%和(d) 30% Figure4. Water contact angle photographs measured for active layer with different concentrations of Y6 (a) 0%, (b) 10%, (c) 20%, and (d) 30%.
分别制备不同Y6质量占比下的三元体系OPVs器件. 器件A、器件B、器件C和器件D对应的Y6占比0%、10%、20%和30%. 图5(a)为器件结构示意图, 图5(b)为对应的能级图. 器件结构为ITO/PEDOT:PSS/PBDB-T-2F:IT-4F:Y6 (x%)/ZnO/Ag (100 nm). 具体的器件参数见表1, 相关的J-V曲线见图6. 结合图6和表1可以看出, 引入三元组分Y6后, 器件效率明显高于二元基础器件A, 且随着Y6质量占比的逐渐增高, OPVs器件PCE性能呈现先上升后下降的趋势. 当Y6质量占比为20%时, 器件PCE最高为12.48%, 相比二元基础器件(PCE为10.59%), PCE提升幅度达17.85%. 然而当Y6质量占比继续上升至30%时, 器件效率反而下降至11.82%, 这可能是由于活性层表面粗糙度增加造成的, 活性层表面粗糙度的增加会对界面激子解离及电荷传输过程造成阻碍[27]. 图 5 (a)器件结构图; (b) OPVs器件内每一层独立能级图 Figure5. (a) Schematic illustration of the device configuration, (b) energy diagram of individual layer in OPVs.
Device
Voc/V
Jsc/(mA·cm–2)
FF/%
PCE/%
Device A
0.82
20.49
65.22
10.59
Device B
0.82
20.76
65.21
11.05
Device C
0.83
22.09
68.45
12.48
Device D
0.82
21.63
66.43
11.82
表1各OPVs器件性能表 Table1.Photovoltaic parameters of different devices.
图 6 OPVs器件的J-V曲线图 Figure6.J-V curves of OPVs devices.
其中, k是普朗克常量, T是温度, q是单位电荷量. 如果电荷复合过程以单分子复合(缺陷态)过程为主, Voc-lnI曲线的斜率将接近2kT/q, 当曲线斜率接近kT/q时, 表明双分子复合是器件内部电荷复合的主要复合机制. 降低缺陷态复合损耗对于提高器件的性能具有重要意义[16]. 对Voc和光强取对数并进行线性拟合, 其斜率值s在kT/q和2kT/q之间, 由图8(b)可以看出, 器件A—D对应的s值分别为1.09kT/q, 1.43kT/q, 1.39kT/q和1.71kT/q, 说明Y6质量占比的提高有效降低了器件内部的双分子复合损耗, 有利于器件性能的提升. 然而当Y6质量占比达到30%时, 活性层与电荷提取层界面处缺陷态复合增加, 导致器件电荷输运能力降低, 最终器件性能与20%器件相比有所下降. 最后, 利用GISAXS技术再次表征不同Y6质量占比对薄膜给体/受体相分离的影响. 各薄膜的二维GISAXS图像及其在面内方向的一维信息如图9和图10所示. 相比二元薄膜, 引入Y6之后的三元薄膜q区散射强度明显增强, 散射强度的上升表明薄膜内存在大尺寸结构, 而大尺寸结构则源于活性层内材料的聚集结晶, 其结果与前文AFM表征结果一致[29]. 活性层中过大的聚集结晶, 减小了给受体间接触面积的同时, 增大了电荷传输的难度, 不利于器件效率的提升. 图 9 器件A—D对应的 (a) Jsc随入射光强的变化曲线, (b) Voc随入射光强的变化曲线 Figure9. (a) Jsc and (b) Voc as function of incident light intensity for the devices A, B, C, and D.
图 10 (a)?(d)掺入不同质量占比的Y6后三元混合薄膜二维GISAXS图像和(e)相应的面内方向的一维曲线 Figure10. (a)?(d) GISAXS images of blended ternary films with different concentration of Y6, and (e) corresponding in-plane profile.