Key Laboratory of Opto-electronic Information Technology, Ministry of Education, Ultrafast Laser Laboratory, School of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
Abstract:Soliton is a universal format of nonlinear wave propagation in nature. Soliton can maintain its shape during propagation. This unique property has been widely observed in plasma physics, high energy electromagnetics, hydrodynamics, and nonlinear optics. Soliton interactions can reflect collective dynamic behaviors in complex nonlinear systems, showing significant basic research value. Passive mode-locked laser is an ideal platform for studying soliton interaction. The attraction and repulsion between two optical solitons can form soliton molecules. Their properties have been intensively studied by optical spectral analysis. However, conventional optical spectrum analyzers show low resolution and long average time. Time-stretched dispersive Fourier transformation (TS-DFT) is an emerging-powerful measurement technology, which can map the spectrum of an optical pulse to a temporal waveform under sufficient dispersion. The TS-DFT makes it possible to detect the dynamics of the solitons in real time. Based on TS-DFT, the internal dynamics of the solitons in Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser is studied in experiment. By changing the pump power, the stable soliton molecules with a separation of 180 fs and the weak phase oscillatory soliton molecules with a separation of 105 fs are observed. The amplitude in the weak oscillation state is merely 0.05 rad. We also find that the soliton molecules in stable state can transform into phase sliding state under environmental perturbation. These optical soliton molecules with a binding separation of 100 fs are of great significance for studying the short-range nonlinear interactions of solitons. Keywords:mode-locked/ soliton molecules/ dispersive Fourier transformation/ Ti:sapphire laser
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3.实验结果与分析当抽运功率达到2.8 W时, 可以观察到稳定的120 MHz基频锁模脉冲, 激光器在以800 nm为中心波长的40 nm半高宽的孤子锁模域工作. 当抽运功率进一步增加到3.3 W时, 通过微调棱镜P1的插入量可以实现束缚态锁模. 高速示波器以10 μs的时间窗口记录了120 MHz重复频率的锁模脉冲序列, 相应的实时光谱的更新周期Trep为8.3 ns, 将时间序列分割成长度为Trep的区间, 得到一个1200个连续的实时光谱. 图2(a)的时间序列图展示了SM的实时光谱演化图样, 横轴代表波长, 纵轴代表孤子在腔内循环的圈数. 图中平稳的条纹表明两个脉冲之间具有稳定的时间间隔. 把每一个往返的光谱图做傅里叶变换能得到对应的自相关曲线, 如图2(b)所示, 从而直观地看到两个孤子的间隔$\tau = 105\;{\rm{fs}}$. 图2(c)是SM的相对相位演化图, 相对相位的振幅为0.05 rad, 不同于以前研究中报道的强相位振荡(${3{\text{π}}} /2$ rad或更强)[24,29], TS-DFT的光谱干涉条纹并没有发生扭曲. 图 2 实时观察105 fs时间间隔孤子分子参数图 (a) 孤子分子的光谱演化图样和对应的单帧光谱图; (b) 自相关的演化图和对应的单帧自相关曲线; (c) 相对相位演化图; (d) 光谱仪与DFT测到的光谱对比图 Figure2. Experimental real-time observation soliton molecules with a separation of 105 fs: (a) Interferograms of a soliton bound state and its single-shot spectrum; (b) the field autocorrelations of the momentary bound state; (c) relative phase evolution diagram; (d) optical spectrum measured by OSA and DFT.