1.School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Chengdu 610031, China 2.Bond and Band Engineering Group, Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory (for Universities) of High Pressure Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China 3.Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
Fund Project:Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11272296), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China (Grant No. 2682019LK07), the fund of the State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing in NWPU, China (Grant No. SKLSP201843), the Doctoral Innovation Fund Program of Southwest Jiaotong University and the Doctoral Students Top-notch Innovative Talent Cultivation of Southwest Jiaotong University, China (Grant No. D-CX201832), and 18th key laboratory open project of Southwest jiaotong university, China (ZD201918083)
Received Date:28 June 2019
Accepted Date:11 September 2019
Available Online:01 November 2019
Published Online:20 November 2019
Abstract:The ignition mechanism of the explosive particles under impact has been a hot topic, but the research progress is slow. With the rapid development of computer science, the three-dimensional discrete element technique (DM3) is regarded as an efficient and intuitive method to study the explosive ignition under impact. As is well known, octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) is one of the most effective explosive particles in performance, which has high density and energy and thus possesses a significant application. In this paper, the deformation and ignition of HMX particles under impact of drop hammer are investigated based on the three-dimensional discrete element technique. Specifically, the computational process for shock loading as well as chemical reaction is employed in DM3 model through using the state equation of Hugoniot, the reactive model of Arrhenius, the state equation of JWL. The results show that the size, degree of accumulation, defect and the force of drop hammer can definitely influence the ignition and propagation of HMX particles. Under the same shock loading, the particles on a small scale would produce less power. On the same scale of particle, the less the number of particles, the shorter the deformation time is, so the temperature increases more easily. As for the different shapes of single particles, the deformation and ignition first appear from the ‘top’ for the spire particles, and then the deformation and ignition of flat particles happens from ‘shear’. Specifically, there are two results of the internal defect HMX particles under impact: the particles with bigger size (discrete elements 256 × 34 = 8704) have a temperature advantage near the ‘hole’, while the temperature advantage of the particles with the smaller size (discrete elements 93 × 35 = 3814) appears on the ‘top’. Keywords:three-dimensional discrete element/ octogen particles/ ignition
表1HMX的计算参数 Table1.The calculating parameters of HMX.
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4.1.颗粒尺寸对点火燃烧的影响
模拟中采用HMX颗粒炸药, 落锤的质量为1.50 g, 下落高度为30 cm; 模拟中采用的颗粒尺寸分别为100, 500, 和1000 μm (对应的离散元半径分别为10, 50, 和100 μm). 从图3—图5中可以看出, 颗粒小的样品对撞击的响应更快, 这是由于其尺寸较小导致塑性变形生成的热量较少. 因为热膨胀使元的体积增加, 温度越大, 半径越大. 可以看出, 颗粒小的样品元的半径增加量和温度上升幅度不如颗粒较大的样品. 图 3 颗粒尺寸为100 μm的HMX颗粒受到撞击后的响应过程 Figure3. The response of HMX particles with the size of 100 μm.
图 5 颗粒尺寸为1000 μm的HMX颗粒炸药受到撞击后的响应过程 Figure5. The response of HMX particles with the size of 1000 μm.
图 4 颗粒尺寸为500 μm的HMX颗粒炸药受到撞击后的响应过程 Figure4. The response of HMX particles with the size of 500 μm.
24.2.落锤下落高度对点火燃烧的影响 -->
4.2.落锤下落高度对点火燃烧的影响
模拟中采用颗粒尺寸为100 μm的HMX炸药颗粒, 落锤的质量为1.50 g; 下落高度分别为30和40 cm. 下落高度为30 cm/40 cm的HMX颗粒炸药受到撞击后的响应过程如图6/图7所示. 从图6和图7中可以看到, HMX颗粒在撞击作用下被压实并产生塑性变形; 在塑性功和摩擦力的共同作用下发热并导致离散元半径的逐渐增加. 刚开始半径变大的部分为与落锤接触的部分离散元, 随后内部的离散元半径增加, 并在97 μs时迅速增加, 同时边缘处的增加幅度大于内部离散元. 图 6 下落高度为30 cm的HMX颗粒炸药受到撞击后的响应过程 Figure6. The response of HMX particles with the falling height of 30 cm.
图 7 下落高度为40 cm的HMX颗粒炸药受到撞击后的响应过程 Figure7. The response of HMX particles with the falling height of 40 cm.
2)上表面局部点火及燃烧区扩展过程: 图12为0—80 μs温度分布变化, 每幅图间隔10 μs, 红色代表最高温度6000 K. 在0—30 μs, 颗粒经历一次压剪破裂, 分为两半. 左边一片, 在上表面边沿形成“尖顶”结构. 在40—80 μs, 再现局部点火和燃烧蔓延现象, 其特征与尖顶颗粒非常类似. 该结论支持尖顶大形变加热点火机制. 图 12 上表面局部点火及燃烧区扩展过程 Figure12. Local ignition of surface and the process of expansion.