1.State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China 2.School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
Fund Project:Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11534017, 11704421), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Ministry of Education of China (Grant Nos. 16lgpy53, 171gpy20, 17lgjc39), and the Science and Technology Project of Guangzhou, China (Grant No. 201805010004).
Received Date:25 February 2019
Accepted Date:04 April 2019
Published Online:20 July 2019
Abstract:Various kinds of super-resolution optical microscope techniques have been developed to break the diffraction barrier in the past decades. Confocal laser scanning microscopy is the super-resolution microscopy. It is widely used due to high resolution and depth selectivity in obtaining images. However, there are neither accurate nor rigorous measurement methods with a nanoscale resolution. In order to measure the resolution of vector beam confocal laser scanning microscopy accurately and rigorously, a nanoscale resolution standard sample is proposed and experimentally realized. This sample is composed of a series of accurate measure patterns and a couple of arrays of triangle finding structures. It allows a wide measurement range between 40 nm to 1000 nm, and provides appropriate measurement steps and high measurement accuracy. The measurement patterns can be efficiently figured out by using the found structures, and their structure line width can be easily calculated. The first standard sample is produced on a piece of amorphous silicon by electron beam lithography and inductive coupled plasma etching technology, and measured by the scanning electron microscopy. According to the test, the sample meets the requirements of accuracy for nanoscale resolution measurement. Optical testing is applied to the sample by a vector beam confocal laser scanning microscope. And the sample shows that the resolution is 96 nm (oil immersion, refractive index 1.52) under the irradiation of 405 nm radially polarized beams, which is far beyond the diffraction barrier. Furthermore, a metal structure standard sample, which is based on a piece of indium tin oxide glass, is produced to improve the signal contrast ratio of the silicon standard sample. The measurement patterns are fabricated by electron beam lithography and electron beam evaporation and made of 10 nm titanium and 100 nm gold. It works for both reflective and transmissive confocal laser scanning microscopy, and would obtain high resolution images with a better contrast ratio. These standard samples are able to test the performance of microscope system efficiently, and provide a more rigorous way to make sub-100 nm resolution measurement and a calibration guidance for point scanning super-resolution microscope. In the meantime, we find that nanoscale opticalimaging is affected not only by sample morphology, but also by the photoelectron property of the sample. Further study is required to understand the underlying mechanism. Keywords:micro- and nanofabrication/ standard sample/ super-resolution/ confocal laser scanning microscopy
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2.1.设计方案
目前, 与纳米标样相关的成果包括: Stark团队[18]利用聚焦离子束刻蚀技术, 在掺有荧光分子的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA)电子胶上刻出若干等宽 (100 nm)的纳米线条和同心圆环; Iketaki团队[19]利用紫外纳米压印技术, 在染色紫外光刻胶上制备出多组纳米线条, 包含从80 nm到160 nm的线宽; Huebner团队[20]运用电子束曝光与刻蚀技术, 在非晶硅上制备多组纳米标记图案, 包括线条、棋盘和圆环三种图形, 可用于多个方向上的分辨率测试. 然而, 以上方法都没有合理的线宽梯级序列, 无法达到精确测试超分辨显微系统性能的目的. 图1所示是本工作提供的纳米标样设计方案, 分为测量区域和指示标记两个区域. 其中, 测量区域包括了29个测量图案, 它们按照空间频率递增的方式, 螺旋排列于测量区域. 每一个测量图案都包含了5个部件, 包括一维光栅 (X方向和Y方向)、二维光栅、同心圆环光栅和数码标识. 在测量区域周围四个方向上分布了大小两种直角三角形指示标记, 它们指向测量区域, 能够明确地指出测量区域的位置. 该设计方案具有测试功能齐全、测量精度高、测量范围宽、图案排列紧凑、线宽序列分布合理、指示标记巧妙等优点, 适用于点扫描式的超分辨显微系统, 如矢量光场CLSM. 图 1 纳米标样设计示意图 (a) 纳米标样总览图; (b) 测量区域示意图; (c) 指示标记示意图, 即(a) 中红框区域; (d) 单个测量图案示意图, 即(b) 中红框区域 Figure1. Designing of the nanoscale standard sample: (a) Over-view of the standard sample; (b) measure area; (c) direction marks; (d) a single measure pattern.
表1硅纳米标样曝光参数 Table1.Exposure parameters of the silicon nano-standard sample.
完成显影后, 使用电感耦合等离子体刻蚀技术, 以溴化氢气体作为刻蚀气体, 将HSQ抗蚀层的图案转移到硅片上, 刻蚀深度200 nm. 刻蚀后用10% 氢氟酸溶液浸泡样品, 去除残留的HSQ抗蚀层, 完成纳米标样的制备. 制备完成后使用扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM)检验纳米标样制备效果. 图2所示为硅纳米标样各区域的形貌细节. 图 2 硅纳米标样SEM结果展示 (a) 测量图案全貌; (b) (a) 中红框部分的细节展示; (c) 指示标记 Figure2. SEM images of Si standard sample: (a) Overview of standard sample; (b) details of the red dash area in (a); (c) direction marks.
利用SEM的测量功能, 对每一个测试图案中各组光栅的各结构进行多次测量, 取其平均值作为该测试图案的线宽, 并与设计线宽做比较, 各测试图案的误差与相对误差如图3所示. 图 3 硅纳米标样各测量图案制备误差分布, 其中x轴采用对数坐标轴 (a) 线宽误差分布; (b) 相对误差分布 Figure3. Fabrication error distributions of the silicon nano standard sample, in which use logarithmic axis as x-axis: (a) Linewidth error distribution; (b) relative error distribution.