Agent based model of land system: Theory, application and modelling framework
DAI Erfu1,3, MA Liang1,3, YANG Weishi2,4, WANG Yahui1,3, YIN Le2,3, TONG Miao1,31. Lhasa Plateau Ecosystem Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China 2. Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China 3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 4. School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
National Basic Research Program of China.2015CB452702 National Natural Science Foundation of China.41571098 National Natural Science Foundation of China.41530749 Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences.XDA20020202 Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences.XDA19040304 National Key R&D Program of China, No.2017YFC1502903.2017YFC 1502903 National Key R&D Program of China, No.2017YFC1502903.2018YFC1508805 Key Programs of the Chinese Academy.ZDRW-ZS-2016-6-4
作者简介 About authors 戴尔阜(1972-),男,甘肃平凉人,研究员,主要从事土地利用与气候变化对生态系统的影响研究E-mail:daief@igsnrr.ac.cn。
Abstract Land change science has become an interdisciplinary research direction for understanding human-natural coupling systems. As a process-oriented modelling approach, Agent based model (ABM) plays an important role in revealing the driving forces of land change and understanding the process of land change. This paper starts from three aspects: the theory, application and modeling framework of ABM. First, we summarize the theoretical basis of ABM and introduce some related concepts. Then we expound the application and development of ABM in both urban land systems and agricultural land systems, and further introduce the case study of an model on Grain to Green Program in the Hengduan Mountains region, Southwest China. On the basis of combing the ABM modeling protocol, we propose the land system ABM modeling framework and process from the perspective of agents. In terms of urban land use, ABM research initially focused on the study of urban expansion based on landscape, then expanded to issues like urban residential separation, planning and zoning, ecological functions, etc. In terms of agricultural land use, ABM application presents more diverse and individualized features. Research topics include farmers' behavior, farmers' decision-making, planting systems, agricultural policy. Compared to traditional models, ABM is more complex and difficult to generalize beyond specific context since it relies on local knowledge and data. However, due to its unique bottom-up model structure, ABM has an indispensable role in exploring the driving forces of land change as well as the impact of human behavior on the environment. Keywords:land system;land use;land change science;land change model;agent based model;modeling framework
PDF (2312KB)元数据多维度评价相关文章导出EndNote|Ris|Bibtex收藏本文 本文引用格式 戴尔阜, 马良, 杨微石, 王亚慧, 尹乐, 童苗. 土地系统多主体模型的理论与应用. 地理学报[J], 2019, 74(11): 2260-2272 doi:10.11821/dlxb201911005 DAI Erfu. Agent based model of land system: Theory, application and modelling framework. Acta Geographica Sinice[J], 2019, 74(11): 2260-2272 doi:10.11821/dlxb201911005
现实地理世界是由大量决策主体构成的复杂系统。现代科学所面临的一个最重要挑战就是对复杂系统的理解与预测[11]。土地系统作为人类社会与自然环境的作用界面,是典型的复杂系统[5, 12-13]。随着复杂系统科学和方法的应用,土地变化模型领域致力于如何通过耦合自然系统和人类系统以明晰刻画人类决策行为[9]。多主体模型(Agent based model, ABM)则专门用于模拟微观层面主体决策和行为,通过模拟大量主体相互作用和主体与环境之间反馈实现宏观格局的涌现。该方法因其采用自下而上的手段,建模时从主体行为规则定义出发,避免了对整个系统的理解和分析,弥补了传统数学和物理模型对复杂系统定量刻画的困难,是理解复杂系统的有效途径,成为了土地变化模拟方法的发展方向之一[14,15,16,17]。
(2)个体模型。ABM另一方面来源于种群生态学中个体模型(Individual based model, IBM)。生态学有着很长的自下而上模拟传统[11]。1990年左右,生态学研究开始广泛应用IBM,而社会科学研究广泛应用ABM则始于2000年左右[25,26],后续生态学研究中延续了IBM的名称。IBM的出发点是通过编程将每个植物或动物表示为能够以某种方式做出反应的个体,IBM常用于模拟移动的动物或者人与景观相互作用[18]。与ABM类似,IBM从生物个体出发理解种群或群落层面的系统特性,这些特性往往来自于个体间相互作用。因此,借鉴IBM生态学模型中所建立的概念和方法可以更好发展土地系统等领域ABM。
Fig. 2Results of Grain to Green Program in Tongdu Town. Initial spatial pattern of cropland in 2010 (a), Simulated spatial pattern of cropland in 2015 (b), Returning farmland from 2011 to 2015 (c)
就ABM模型的建构过程来看,ABM模型的复用性较差。一个特定模型构建好,也不一定能推广到其他地区,与简单抽象的模型相比,高度复杂并数据依赖的模型对用户来说更不透明[93]。大量的案例研究很难推广,O'sullivan等将其称为YAAWN("Yet Another Agent-Based Model . . . Whatever . . . Never mind . . . ")综合征[93]。不同研究者对ABM思想的理解存在差异,所以ABM模型通常被设计用于解决研究者脑中已有的特定问题,并且在微观主体层面和应用于特定背景的聚合结果层面均需要大量数据,对于能够用简单分析模型解释的研究问题,以及注重预测而非结构性解释的研究问题,应当斟酌是否需要使用ABM以及其所花费的大量投入[88]。
Lambin EF, Geist HJ . Land-use and Land-cover Change: Local Processes and Global Impacts , 2006. [本文引用: 1]
Verburg PH, CrossmanN, Ellis EC , et al. Land system science and sustainable development of the earth system: A global land project perspective , 2015,12:29-41. [本文引用: 1]
Turner BL, Lambin EF, ReenbergA . The emergence of land change science for global environmental change and sustainability , 2007,104(52):20666-20671. [本文引用: 1]
Rounsevell M DA, PedroliB, Erb KH , et al. Challenges for land system science , 2012,29(4):899-910. [本文引用: 1]
Verburg PH, Erb KH, MertzO , et al. Land system science: Between global challenges and local realities , 2013,5(5):433-437. [本文引用: 2]
MüllerD, Munroe DK . Current and future challenges in land-use science , 2014,9(2):133-142. [本文引用: 1]
Verburg PH, AlexanderP, EvansT , et al. Beyond land cover change: Towards a new generation of land use models , 2019,38:77-85. [本文引用: 3]
Verburg PH, Schot PP, Dijst MJ , et al. Land use change modelling: Current practice and research priorities , 2004,61(4):309-324. [本文引用: 1]
Brown DG, Verburg PH, Pontius RG , et al. Opportunities to improve impact, integration, and evaluation of land change models , 2013,5(5):452-457. [本文引用: 2]
LiShaoying, LiuXiaoping, LiXia , et al. Simulation model of land use dynamics and application: Progress and prospects Journal of Remote Sensing, 2017,21(3):329-340. [本文引用: 2]
GrimmV, RevillaE, BergerU , et al. Pattern-oriented modeling of agent-based complex systems: Lessons from ecology , 2005,310(5750):987-991. [本文引用: 2]
YuQiangyi, WuWenbin, TangHuajun , et al. Complex system theory and agent-based modeling: Progresses in land change science Acta Geographica Sinica, 2011,66(11):1518-1530. [本文引用: 1]
Parker DC, Manson SM, Janssen MA , et al. Multi-agent systems for the simulation of land-use and land-cover change: A review , 2003,93(2):314-337. [本文引用: 1]
Macal CM, North MJ . Tutorial on agent-based modelling and simulation , 2010,4(3):151-162. [本文引用: 1]
AnL . Modeling human decisions in coupled human and natural systems: Review of agent-based models , 2012,229:25-36. [本文引用: 3]
Le PageC, BazileD, BecuN , et al. Agent-Based Modelling and Simulation Applied to Environmental Management//Edmonds B, Meyer R. Simulating Social Complexity: A Handbook , 2013. [本文引用: 2]
Green DG, SadedinS . Interactions matter: Complexity in landscapes and ecosystems , 2005,2(2):117-130. [本文引用: 3]
Johnston KM. California: Esri Press, 2013. [本文引用: 1]
GrimmV . Ten years of individual-based modelling in ecology: What have we learned and what could we learn in the future? , 1999,115(2/3):129-148. [本文引用: 1]
SchulzeJ, MüllerB, GroeneveldJ , et al. Agent-based modelling of social-ecological systems: Achievements, challenges, and a way forward , 2017,20(2):8. [本文引用: 1]
AnL, LindermanM, QiJ , et al. Exploring complexity in a human-environment system: An agent-based spatial model for multidisciplinary and multiscale integration , 2005,95(1):54-79. [本文引用: 1]
Allan RJ . Survey of Agent Based Modelling and Simulation Tools , 2010. [本文引用: 1]
BattyM, DesyllasJ, DuxburyE . The discrete dynamics of small-scale spatial events: Agent-based models of mobility in carnivals and street parades , 2003,17(7):673-697. [本文引用: 1]
Little LR, Punt AE, Mapstone BD . An agent-based model for simulating trading of multi-species fisheries quota , 2009,220(23):3404-3412. [本文引用: 1]
Cabral RB, Geronimo RC, Lim MT , et al. Effect of variable fishing strategy on fisheries under changing effort and pressure: An agent-based model application , 2010,221(2):362-369. [本文引用: 1]
Brown DG, Robinson DT . Effects of heterogeneity in residential preferences on an agent-based model of urban sprawl , 2006,11(1):22. [本文引用: 2]
Liu XP, LiX, YehA G O . Multi-agent systems for simulating spatial decision behaviors and land-use dynamics , 2006,49(11):1184-1194. [本文引用: 2]
FilatovaT, ParkerD, Van der VeenA . Agent-based urban land markets: Agent's pricing behavior, land prices and urban land use change , 2009,12(1):1-31. [本文引用: 2]
PerezL, DragicevicS . Modeling mountain pine beetle infestation with an agent-based approach at two spatial scales , 2010,25(2):223-236. [本文引用: 2]
Topping CJ, Hoye TT, Olesen CR . Opening the black box-development, testing and documentation of a mechanistically rich agent-based model , 2010,221(2):245-255. [本文引用: 2]
BravoM, Brice?oL, CominettiR , et al. An integrated behavioral model of the land-use and transport systems with network congestion and location externalities , 2010,44(4):584-596. [本文引用: 2]
Ascens?oF, ClevengerA, Santos-ReisM , et al. Wildlife-vehicle collision mitigation: Is partial fencing the answer? An agent-based model approach , 2013,257:36-43. [本文引用: 2]
Castella JC, Trung NH, BoissauS . Participatory simulation of land-use changes in the northern mountains of Vietnam: The combined use of an agent-based model, a role-playing game, and a geographic information system , 2005,10(1):1-32. [本文引用: 3]
Le QB, Park SJ, VlekP L G , et al. Land-Use Dynamic Simulator (LUDAS): A multi-agent system model for simulating spatio-temporal dynamics of coupled human-landscape system. I. Structure and theoretical specification , 2008,3(2):135-153. [本文引用: 2]
ValbuenaD, Bregt AK, McAlpineC , et al. An agent-based approach to explore the effect of voluntary mechanisms on land use change: A case in rural Queensland, Australia , 2010,91(12):2615-2625. [本文引用: 3]
ValbuenaD, Verburg PH, VeldkampA , et al. Effects of farmers' decisions on the landscape structure of a Dutch rural region: An agent-based approach , 2010,97(2):98-110. [本文引用: 3]
Johnson PA, Sieber RE . Negotiating constraints to the adoption of agent-based modeling in tourism planning , 2011,38(2):307-321. [本文引用: 2]
MaoX, MengJ, WangQ . Modeling the effects of tourism and land regulation on land-use change in tourist regions: A case study of the Lijiang River Basin in Guilin, China , 2014,41:368-377. [本文引用: 2]
DionE, Van SchalkwykL, Lambin EF . The landscape epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease in South Africa: A spatially explicit multi-agent simulation , 2011,222(13):2059-2072. [本文引用: 2]
BoneC, Dragi?evi?S . Simulation and validation of a reinforcement learning agent-based model for multi-stakeholder forest management , 2010,34(2):162-174. [本文引用: 2]
SchlüterM, Pahl-WostlC . Mechanisms of resilience in common-pool resource management systems: An agent-based model of water use in a river basin , 2007,12(2):4. [本文引用: 2]
LiX, LiuX . Defining agents' behaviors to simulate complex residential development using multicriteria evaluation , 2007,85(4):1063-1075. [本文引用: 2]
LiX, LiuX . Embedding sustainable development strategies in agent-based models for use as a planning tool , 2008,22(1):21-45. [本文引用: 2]
HaaseD, LautenbachS, SeppeltR . Modeling and simulating residential mobility in a shrinking city using an agent-based approach , 2010,25(10):1225-1240. [本文引用: 2]
HaaseD, HaaseA, KabischN , et al. Actors and factors in land-use simulation: The challenge of urban shrinkage , 2012,35:92-103. [本文引用: 2]
Shin JK, FossettM . Residential segregation by hill-climbing agents on the potential landscape , 2008,11(6):875-899. [本文引用: 2]
Parker DC, FilatovaT . A conceptual design for a bilateral agent-based land market with heterogeneous economic agents , 2008,32(6):454-463. [本文引用: 2]
FilatovaT, Van Der VeenA, ParkerD C . Land market interactions between heterogeneous agents in a heterogeneous landscape-tracing the macro-scale effects of individual trade-offs between environmental amenities and disamenities , 2009,57(4):431-457. [本文引用: 1]
HuangQ, Parker DC, SunS , et al. Effects of agent heterogeneity in the presence of a land-market: A systematic test in an agent-based laboratory. Computers, , 2013,41:188-203. [本文引用: 1]
SunS, Parker DC, HuangQ , et al. Market impacts on land-use change: An agent-based experiment , 2014,104(3):460-484. [本文引用: 1]
MaglioccaN, SafirovaE, McconnellV , et al. An economic agent-based model of coupled housing and land markets (CHALMS) , 2011,35(3):183-191. [本文引用: 1]
LiS, LiX, LiuX , et al. Simulation of spatial population dynamics based on labor economics and multi-agent systems: A case study on a rapidly developing manufacturing metropolis , 2013,27(12):2410-2435. [本文引用: 1]
WahyudiA, LiuY, CorcoranJ . Generating different urban land configurations based on heterogeneous decisions of private land developers: An agent-based approach in a developing country context , 2019,8(5):229. [本文引用: 1]
Robinson DT, Sun SP, HutchinsM , et al. Effects of land markets and land management on ecosystem function: A framework for modelling exurban land-change , 2013,45:129-140. [本文引用: 1]
KocabasV, DragicevicS . Agent-based model validation using Bayesian networks and vector spatial data , 2009,36(5):787-801. [本文引用: 1]
ZhangH, ZengY, BianL . Simulating multi-objective spatial optimization allocation of land use based on the integration of multi-agent system and genetic algorithm , 2010,4(4):765-776. [本文引用: 1]
TianG, QiaoZ . Modeling urban expansion policy scenarios using an agent-based approach for Guangzhou metropolitan region of China , 2014,19(3):14. [本文引用: 1]
TanR, LiuY, ZhouK , et al. A game-theory based agent-cellular model for use in urban growth simulation: A case study of the rapidly urbanizing Wuhan area of central China , 2015,49:15-29. [本文引用: 1]
DahalK, ChowT . An agent-integrated irregular automata model of urban land-use dynamics , 2014,28(11):2281-2303. [本文引用: 1]
DeadmanP, RobinsonD, MoranE , et al. Colonist household decision making and land-use change in the Amazon rainforest: An agent-based simulation. Environment and Planning B-Planning & , 2004,31(5):693-709. [本文引用: 1]
SchmitC, RounsevellM D A . Are agricultural land use patterns influenced by farmer imitation? , 2006,115(1-4):113-127. [本文引用: 1]
BradyM, KellermannK, SahrbacherC , et al. Impacts of decoupled agricultural support on farm structure, biodiversity and landscape mosaic: Some EU results , 2009,60(3):563-585. [本文引用: 1]
ValbuenaD, Verburg PH, Bregt AK , et al. An agent-based approach to model land-use change at a regional scale , 2010,25(2):185-199. [本文引用: 3]
Murray-RustD, Robinson DT, GuillemE , et al. An open framework for agent based modelling of agricultural land use change , 2014,61:19-38. [本文引用: 1]
Bakker MM, AlamS J, van DijkJ , et al. Land-use change arising from rural land exchange: An agent-based simulation model , 2015,30(2):273-286. [本文引用: 1]
Villamor GB, van NoordwijkM . Gender specific land-use decisions and implications for ecosystem services in semi-matrilineal Sumatra , 2016,39:69-80. [本文引用: 1]
ChenX, LupiF, AnL , et al. Agent-based modeling of the effects of social norms on enrollment in payments for ecosystem services , 2012,229:16-24. [本文引用: 1]
ChenX, Vi?aA, ShortridgeA , et al. Assessing the effectiveness of payments for ecosystem services: An agent-based modeling approach , 2014,19(1):1-15. [本文引用: 2]
SunZ, MüllerD . A framework for modeling payments for ecosystem services with agent-based models, Bayesian belief networks and opinion dynamics models , 2013,45:15-28. [本文引用: 1]
YangWeishi . Construction and application of an agent-based regional land use change model (APUS): A case study in Tongdu Town, Kunming [D]. Guangzhou: Sun Yat-sen University, 2019. [本文引用: 2]
Janssen MA, Alessa LN, BartonM , et al. Towards a community framework for agent-based modelling , 2008,11(2):6. [本文引用: 1]
GrimmV, BergerU, BastiansenF , et al. A standard protocol for describing individual-based and agent-based models , 2006,198(1-2):115-126. [本文引用: 1]
Bert FE, Podestá GP, Rovere SL , et al. An agent based model to simulate structural and land use changes in agricultural systems of the Argentine pampas , 2011,222(19):3486-3499. [本文引用: 1]
SchreinemachersP, BergerT . An agent-based simulation model of human-environment interactions in agricultural systems , 2011,26(7):845-859. [本文引用: 1]
AnL, ZvoleffA, LiuJ , et al. Agent-based modeling in coupled human and natural systems (CHANS): Lessons from a comparative analysis , 2014,104(4):723-745. [本文引用: 1]
MüllerB, BohnF, Dre?lerG , et al. Describing human decisions in agent-based models - ODD plus D, an extension of the ODD protocol , 2013,48:37-48. [本文引用: 1]
LaatabiA, MarilleauN, Nguyen-HuuT , et al. ODD+ 2D: An ODD based protocol for mapping data to empirical ABMs , 2018,21(2):1-9. [本文引用: 1]
Parker DC, Brown DG, Polhill JG , et al. Illustrating a new conceptual design pattern for agent-based models of land use via five case studies: The MR POTATOHEAD framework//Agent-based Modelling in Natural Resource Management , 2008: 23-51. [本文引用: 1]
FilatovaT, Verburg PH, Parker DC , et al. Spatial agent-based models for socio-ecological systems: Challenges and prospects , 2013,45:1-7. [本文引用: 1]
NRC. . Pittsburgh: National Academies Press, 2014. [本文引用: 2]
RounsevellM, ArnethA, BrownD , et al. Incorporating human behaviour and decision making processes in land use and climate system models , 2012. [本文引用: 1]
Castella JC, Verburg PH . Combination of process-oriented and pattern-oriented models of land-use change in a mountain area of Vietnam , 2007,202(3/4):410-420. [本文引用: 1]
Rounsevell M DA, ArnethA, AlexanderP , et al. Towards decision-based global land use models for improved understanding of the Earth system , 2014,5(1):117-137. [本文引用: 1]
Van VlietJ, Bregt AK, Brown DG , et al. A review of current calibration and validation practices in land-change modeling , 2016,82:174-182. [本文引用: 1]
O'sullivanD, EvansT, MansonS , et al. Strategic directions for agent-based modeling: Avoiding the YAAWN syndrome , 2016,11(2):177-187. [本文引用: 2]