Impact of foreign direct investment on Small Island States’ economic growth: An analysis based on the threshold effect of tourism
GUO Yue,1,2, HUANG Youxing3, YANG Yu,1,2,4, LIU Shuguang3, WANG Chang5, HUANG Xinrong1,21. Key Laboratory of Regional Sustainable Development Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China 2. College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 3. School of Economics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China 4. Institute of Strategy Research for Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou 510070, China 5. School of Economics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
Abstract Tourism and foreign direct investment (FDI) are important aspects of the sustainable economic growth of Small Island States. In this study, 30 Small Island States were selected as research objects, and the panel data of 1995-2015 were used to incorporate the interactive of FDI and tourism revenue into a two-way fixed effects model to explore whether there is a threshold effect between FDI and economic growth using tourism development as a threshold variable. The results show that: (1) Tourism has a significant positive correlation with the economic growth of Small Island States, and is an important industrial support for economic growth of Small Island States; (2) There is a double threshold effect based on the scale of tourism: Before the first threshold is reached, the effect of FDI on economic growth is negative; between the two thresholds, the effect of FDI on growth is not significant; but as the scale of tourism exceeds the second threshold, FDI functions as a clear stimulation for economic growth. The conclusion is helpful to deepen the understanding of the development pattern of island economies, and it has reference value for China’s international investment in small island countries, as well as domestic island tourism development. Keywords:Small Island States;foreign direct investment;economic growth;tourism development;threshold effect
PDF (5179KB)元数据多维度评价相关文章导出EndNote|Ris|Bibtex收藏本文 本文引用格式 郭越, 黄友星, 杨宇, 刘曙光, 王畅, 黄莘绒. 外商直接投资对小岛屿国家经济增长的影响——基于旅游业门槛效应的分析. 资源科学[J], 2020, 42(11): 2132-2144 doi:10.18402/resci.2020.11.07 GUO Yue, HUANG Youxing, YANG Yu, LIU Shuguang, WANG Chang, HUANG Xinrong. Impact of foreign direct investment on Small Island States’ economic growth: An analysis based on the threshold effect of tourism. RESOURCES SCIENCE[J], 2020, 42(11): 2132-2144 doi:10.18402/resci.2020.11.07
一方面,海岛因其独特的自然与人文特质成为深受世界各国游客青睐的度假胜地,依靠自身独特海洋资源开发而兴起的特色旅游业是小岛屿国家的比较优势产业,并逐步发展成为其国民经济的重要组成部分,甚至是主导产业[7,8,9,10,11]。围绕旅游业对经济增长影响的主题,****们通过旅游促进经济增长假说(Tourism-Led Growth Hypothesis, TLGH)、外生增长模型以及时间序列数据分析、静态面板数据分析、动态面板数据分析与面板协整分析等研究方法,从理论和实证方面得出结论,认为旅游资源丰富、市场规模较小的国家,旅游发展对其经济增长影响作用尤为显著[12,13,14,15]。旅游业为小岛屿国家提供了克服规模缺陷的途径,既可以通过提高市场需求,为更多的商品和服务创造经济上的规模效应;又可以提供更多的消费选择权与更高的开放度,使小岛屿国家的生活质量得以改善[16]。此外,旅游业能够延伸上游及下游产业链并带动相关产业的发展,吸纳外商直接投资,从而形成产业融合经济,对经济增长间接地发挥刺激作用[17]。Narayan等[18]使用面板数据分析了太平洋岛屿国家旅游业对于经济增长的贡献,发现旅游出口增长1%,长期内GDP增长0.72%,而短期内则增长0.24%,斐济、汤加、所罗门群岛和巴布亚新几内亚等国家表现尤为明显。Pratt[19]采用投入产出分析、时间序列联动分析以及可计算一般均衡模型等方法评估了旅游业对7个小岛屿发展中国家(Small Island Developing States, SIDS)(地区)的经济影响,其中巴哈马、阿鲁巴、安圭拉的旅游业对GDP的直接贡献分别高达29.4%、26.2%和23.8%,总贡献率达到55.1%、75.5%和65.8%。Hadjikakou等[20]针对位于地中海的塞浦路斯岛建立旅游收益估算框架,对入境旅游综合市场进行分析,发现大规模的入境旅游通过不同部门对经济增长作出了贡献。Durbarry通过协整和因果关系检验、Fauzel等[21,22]运用动态向量误差修正模型对毛里求斯的研究结果显示,旅游业发展与经济增长之间存在正向关系。Bojanic等[23]对小岛屿国家的面板数据进行分位数回归,也发现旅游业发展与经济增长之间存在显著的正向关系。Stauvermann等[24]通过构建理论模型解释了小岛屿国家需求价格弹性、旅游收入弹性与服务业竞争程度之间的关系,发现在旅游方面具有竞争力的政策将极大地提升经济增长速度和国家收入。亦有****认为旅游业处在特定发展阶段时,可能会减缓经济发展速度,或带来经济增长的风险。Zugravu等[25]考察了旅游专业化、脆弱性和可持续性之间存在的非线性关系,认为在特定的旅游专业化阈值之外,经济增长会放缓。同时也有****对岛屿国家(地区)的旅游案例、经济增长的易变性、海岛经济的发展模式、海岛承载力等方面进行了较为丰富的研究[26,27,28,29,30,31]。
另一方面,在全球化的背景下,小岛屿国家受制于资源禀赋、市场规模、劳动力、资本等方面的内在局限,对外依存度较高,其开放程度大多高于大国[32]。因此,外商直接投资(Foreign Direct Investment, FDI)成为小岛屿国家促进旅游发展和经济增长的重要驱动力,且明显受到政策和地理区位等因素影响[33]。一般而言,FDI作为资本增加的重要途径对东道国经济发展具有明显的正向促进作用[34,35],对于拉丁美洲的实证研究也得到相同的结论[36]。FDI通过技术溢出效应、资本累积效应以及管理模式的知识溢出效应等,能够有效带动东道国的技术进步、基础设施建设和服务业的开放性与包容性发展[37]。但不可否认的是,也有部分****通过研究指出,不同东道国的技术吸收水平和市场环境不同,导致FDI对经济增长的作用不同,且FDI受到多方面因素的影响,其与经济增长并不必然地表现为正相关性[38]。Shareef等[39,40]通过20个小岛屿国家(地区)的经济发展和FDI的对比分析,发现其旅游发展速度与经济发生经济风险概率成正比,并进一步对7个小岛屿国家(包括巴巴多斯、塞浦路斯、多米尼克、斐济、马尔代夫、马耳他和塞舌尔)的旅游需求以及国家经济波动风险之间的关系进行建模分析,发现旅游业与开放发展模式对外部经济环境具有高度依赖性,且表现出不确定性,这与Anklesaria[41]研究得出的小国对国际投入的变化更为敏感的结论相一致。事实上,FDI对经济增长的拉动作用依赖于一定的产业基础[42],即表现为存在着门槛效应,只有当产业基础跨越一定的门槛值时,FDI才会对国民经济发展产生较为明显的正向促进作用,而产业基础相对较弱,FDI则难以发挥经济贡献,这种门槛效应可能表现为双重,甚至多重门槛效应[43,44,45]。然而,已有研究针对的对象大多为人口规模、经济体量较大的国家(地区),其选取的造成FDI吸收能力异质性的因素亦多为投资东道国主要的宏观经济评价指标,如人力资本、通货膨胀率及金融市场发展水平等[46,47]。而针对小岛屿国家的FDI与经济增长的关系,以及旅游业在这一关系中的作用在相关研究中鲜有涉及。作为小岛屿国家的重要产业部门,旅游业的发展首先带来了与旅游业相关如交通运输业、酒店服务业、娱乐场所的FDI需求;此外,发达的旅游业带动小岛屿国家的基础设施建设和人力资本的积累,更有助于吸引技术含量更高的产业投资,实现先进技术的溢出和二次创新。
式中:下标c、t分别代表小岛屿国家和年份;为小岛屿国家c的t年度国内生产总值(取对数); 为本文关注的核心变量,代表c国t年的外国直接投资净流入(取对数);代表c小岛屿国家t年度旅游收入(取对数)。考虑到小岛屿国家经济发展可能受到其他因素的影响,为更客观计量旅游业与FDI对小岛屿国家影响,此处设置包含一系列可能影响小岛屿国家经济成长的经济社会特征的向量,具体包括:人口规模(由小岛屿国家总人口数衡量)(取对数)、劳动生产率(由第二产业附加价值与人口数的比值计算获得)(取对数)、对外贸易依存度(由进出口总额与国内生产总值的比值计算获得)、基础设施完善程度(由每百人拥有移动电话的数量作为代理变量)(取对数);鉴于文中的小岛屿国家均具有在被殖民后脱离宗主国取得独立的历史,而其独立进行经济治理的经验可能对小岛屿国家经济成长产生重要影响,一般情况下,小岛屿国家取得独立时间越长其独立进行经济治理的经验越丰富,本文以小岛屿国家取得独立的时间跨度作为其经济治理经验指数;同时,考虑到大部分小岛屿国家经济发展水平较为落后,其接受的来自发达国家的官方发展援助(Official Development Assistance, ODA)对其经济成长可能产生促进作用,所以本文也将小岛屿国家接受的ODA金额纳入模型中(取对数)。另外,年度虚拟变量为不可观测的年度效应;指代小岛屿国家c不可观测的非时变个体异质性;为误差项;、、、为待估参数。
Figure 1Geographical location of selected global Small Island States
2.2.2 数据来源及处理
研究数据的来源方面,GDP、外国直接投资净流入、旅游业收入,以及其他经济社会发展的辅助数据如人口数、第二产业附加价值、进出口总额、每百人拥有移动电话的数量、ODA等变量的数据均来自世界银行WDI(World Development Indicators)数据库中1995—2015年的数据,而小岛屿国家取得独立时间则通过各国政府的官方网站进行查询。此外,为了剔除跨国数据中价格变动对价值变量的影响,研究中对美元数值进行了平减处理。为满足面板门槛分析的技术要求,研究样本需要处理为平衡面板,因此在进行门槛分析时,剔除了部分观察值。
Table 2 表2 表2FDI对小岛屿国家经济拉动作用的实证分析 Table 2An empirical analysis of the effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the economic development of Small Island States
Kl?ckC, Nunn PD. Adaptation to climate change in small island developing states: A systematic literature review of academic research [J]. , 2019,28(2):196-218. [本文引用: 1]
PetzoldJ, Magnan AK. Climate change: Thinking small islands beyond Small Island Developing States (SIDS) [J]. , 2019,152(1):145-165. DOI:10.1007/s10584-018-2363-3URL [本文引用: 1]
[ WeiM. Small State and International Relations[M]. Beijing: Peking University Press, 2014.] [本文引用: 1]
Armstrong HW, Read RA. Small states and small island states: Implications of size, location and isolation for prosperity [J]. , 2003,189(10):1-8. DOI:10.1007/s00066-013-0339-9URL [本文引用: 1]
[ UNESCO. Humans Belong to the Earth[M]. Beijing: Beijing Publishing House, 1990.] [本文引用: 1]
Bangwayo-SkeeteP, SkeeteR. Modelling tourism resilience in small island states: A tale of two countries [J]. , 2020,22:1-22. DOI:10.1080/14616688.2019.1600007URL [本文引用: 1]
Akadiri SS, AkadiriA, Alola UV. Is there growth impact of tourism? Evidence from selected small island states [J]. , 2019,22(12):1480-1498. DOI:10.1080/13683500.2017.1381947URL [本文引用: 1]
ColinC, Galloway BM. The economic growth impact of tourism in Small Island Developing States: Evidence from the Caribbean [J]. , 2019,25(1):85-104. DOI:10.1177/1354816618792792URL [本文引用: 1]
NesticòA, MaselliG. Sustainability indicators for the economic evaluation of tourism investments on islands [J]. , 2020,248(1):119217. DOI:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119217URL [本文引用: 1]
[ WangJ, YangC. Development rights and risk constraints: Tourism development in small island states [J]. Periodical of Ocean University of China, 2019, (4):79-88.] [本文引用: 1]
FossatiA, PanellaG. Tourism and Sustainable Economic Development [M]. , 2000. [本文引用: 1]
FaberB, GaubertC. Tourism and economic development: Evidence from Mexico’s coastline [J]. , 2019,109(6):2245-2293. DOI:10.1257/aer.20161434URL [本文引用: 1]
Croes RR. A paradigm shift to a new strategy for small island economies: Embracing demand side economics for value enhancement and long term economic stability [J]. , 2006,27(3):453-465. DOI:10.1016/j.tourman.2004.12.003URL [本文引用: 1]
[ ZhaoL, Mao RZ. Tourism development, threshold effect and economic growth: Empirical evidence from China [J]. Journal of Shanxi Finance and Economics University, 2013,35(12):69-83.] [本文引用: 1]
NarayanK, NarayanS, PrasadA, et al. Tourism and economic growth: A panel data analysis for Pacific Island countries [J]. , 2010,16(1):169-183. DOI:10.5367/000000010790872006URL [本文引用: 1]
HadjikakouM, ChenowethJ, MillerG. Rethinking the economic contribution of tourism: Case study from a Mediterranean island [J]. , 2013,53(5):610-624. DOI:10.1177/0047287513513166URL [本文引用: 1]
FauzelS, SeetanahB, Sannassee RV. Analysing the impact of tourism foreign direct investment on economic growth: Evidence from a small island developing state [J]. , 2017,23(5):1042-1055. DOI:10.1177/1354816616664249URL [本文引用: 1]
Bojanic DC, Lo MelodyL. A comparison of the moderating effect of tourism reliance on the economic development for islands and other countries [J]. , 2016,53:207-214. DOI:10.1016/j.tourman.2015.10.006URL [本文引用: 1]
ZugravuN, GeronimiV, Gargasson CL, et al. Towards a less vulnerable and more sustainable development: Heritage tourism in island economies [J]. , 2017,11:2274-5556. [本文引用: 1]
[ Wang SX, Zhang YG. Enlightenment of overseas island tourism development to China [J]. Ocean Development and Management, 2008,25(11):103-108.] [本文引用: 1]
[ She LM, Xu XQ, Cheng CS. Research on economic growth rate and changeability in island countries and regions [J]. World Regional Studies, 2006,15(2):1-9.] [本文引用: 1]
[ Li YZ, Li PS, HuangD. Construction of an evaluation system for island tourism resources [J]. Resources Science, 2013,35(2):304-311.] [本文引用: 1]
柯丽娜, 王权明, 宫国伟. 海岛可持续发展理论及其评价研究 [J]. , 2011,33(7):1304-1309. URL [本文引用: 1] 本文以可持续发展的基本理论为指导,结合海岛特征,从生存指标、环境状况、社会发展、智力评价四个层面,建立海岛可持续发展评价系统,将长海县、长岛县等12个海岛县作为研究对象,以2002年为评价的基准年,对12个海岛县2002年-2008年间的可持续发展综合能力进行对比研究分析,评价海岛县可持续发展的环境、社会经济状态和进程,结论显示:①12海岛县基本处于可持续发展较弱或中等水平;②12海岛县可持续发展状态格局分为3个层次;③人才、智力支持系统仍然是困扰海岛发展的难题;④海岛可持续发展未来格局将发生重大变化。 [ Ke LN, Wang QM, Gong GW. Evaluation of island sustainable development and its applications [J]. Resources Science, 2011,33(7):1304-1309.] [本文引用: 1]
SalvatoreD, SvetlicicM, DamijanJ. Small Countries in a Global Economy: New Challenges and Opportunities [M]. , 2001. [本文引用: 1]
萧政, 沈艳. 外国直接投资与经济增长的关系及影响 [J]. , 2002, (1):11-16. URL [本文引用: 1] 从中国和其他23个发展中国家总量时间序列资料的分析中可以看出,国内生产总值与外国直接投资之间存在着相互影响、相互促进的互动关系.除经济因素以外,稳定可靠的组织机构和城市化的发展在吸引外国直接投资方面发挥着相当重要的作用,它们是促进经济增长的重要因素. [ XiaoZ, ShenY. Foreign direct investment and economic growth [J]. Economic Theory and Business Management, 2002, (1):11-16.] [本文引用: 1]
SokhanvarA. Does foreign direct investment accelerate tourism and economic growth within Europe? [J]. , 2019,29:86-96. DOI:10.1016/j.tmp.2018.10.005URL [本文引用: 1]
De Mello LR. Foreign direct investment-led growth: Evidence from time series and panel data [J]. , 1999,51(1):133-151. DOI:10.1093/oep/51.1.133URL [本文引用: 1]
VamvakidisA. How robust is the growth-openness connection? Historical evidence [J]. , 2002,7(1):57-80. DOI:10.1023/A:1013418610712URL [本文引用: 1] Previous literature has established a positive correlation between openness to international trade and GDP per capita growth for developed and developing economies in recent decades. However, looking at historical evidence from 1870 to the present, this paper finds no support for a positive growth-openness connection before 1970. In fact, the correlation is negative for the period 1920–1940. Cross-country growth regressions estimated for the period 1920–1990 suggest that the positive correlation between openness and growth is only a recent phenomenon. The paper provides useful conclusions regarding the robustness not only of the openness variables but also of other growth determinants.]]>
ShareefR, Mcaleer MJ. Modelling international tourism demand and volatility in small island tourism economies [J]. , 2005,7(6):313-333. DOI:10.1002/(ISSN)1522-1970URL [本文引用: 1]
AiyarS. Small states: Not handicapped and under-aided, but advantaged and over-aided [J]. , 1982,2(3):449-478. [本文引用: 1]
Balasubramanyam VN. The Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI) and Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries[R] , 1998. [本文引用: 1]
[ ZhangY. The local difference of FDI technology spillovers and the threshold characters of absorbing capacity [J]. The Journal of Quantitative & Technical Economics, 2008,25(1):28-39.] [本文引用: 1]
[ Wang JJ. The spillover effect of service FDI on host countries’ TFP: An analysis based on the panel data of OECD Countries [J]. International Economics and Trade Research, 2014,30(9):33-48.] [本文引用: 1]
[ LiM, Liu SC. Regional disparities and threshold effects of reverse technology spillover on OFDI: A threshold regression analysis based on provincial panel data in China [J]. Management World, 2012, (1):21-32.] [本文引用: 1]
BorenszteinE, Gregorio JD, LeeJ. How does foreign direct investment affect economic growth? [J]. , 1998,45(1):115-135. [本文引用: 1]
IbhaguiO, BahmanioskooeeM. How does foreign direct investment affect growth in sub-Saharan Africa? New evidence from threshold analysis [J]. , 2020,47(1):149-181. DOI:10.1108/JES-06-2018-0198URL [本文引用: 1]
[ YinP, Liu SG, Duan PL, et al. Trade characteristics and its influencing factors between China and Small Island Developing States [J]. Economic Geography, 2019,39(3):117-124.] [本文引用: 1]