关键词:全要素效率;节能与环保一致性;非径向方向性距离函数;能源消费的清洁化结构;Probit模型;中国 Abstract Energy conservation and environmental protection are two basic footholds for practicing the concept of green development of China. Whether the two can be coordinated is related to the sustainable development of China's economy. Incorporated the clean structure of energy consumption into the non-radial directional distance function (NDDF) which based on environmental technology, and used it to measure the energy saving efficiency, environmental protection efficiency, energy saving and environmental protection efficiency of total factors, and judged the realization of the consistency of inter-provincial energy conservation and environmental protection in China from 2001 to 2016 according to the calculation results. Found that if the clean structure of energy consumption is not considered, it will lead to the underestimation of the above-mentioned DEA total factor efficiency value. It is also found that the phenomenon of energy saving and environmental imbalance is more common than high energy consumption and high pollution. Probit model regression results show that the direction and intensity of the impact of fiscal energy conservation and environmental protection expenditure on energy conservation and environmental protection consistency depends on the level of economic development. On the contrary, the improvement of economic development level and the enhancement of environmental regulation have a negative impact on the realization of energy conservation and environmental protection consistency. The former suggests the existence of the phenomenon that sacrificing resources and environment to exchange for economic growth, while the latter illustrates that the Potter effect of “appropriate environmental regulation can stimulate technological innovation” has not yet appeared in China. The level of openness has a negative impact on achieving energy conservation and environmental coherence. Although this negative impact is small, it is enough to warn of the existence of “pollution paradise” risk.
Keywords:total factors efficiency;consistency of energy conservation and environmental protection;Non-radial Directional Distance Function(NDDF);clean structure of energy consumption;Probit Model;China -->0 PDF (3902KB)元数据多维度评价相关文章收藏文章 本文引用格式导出EndNoteRisBibtex收藏本文--> 刘海英, 尚晶, 王殿武. 中国省际节能与环保一致性及影响因素研究[J]. 资源科学, 2018, 40(12): 2438-2450 https://doi.org/10.18402/resci.2018.12.11 LIUHaiying, SHANGJing, WANGDianwu. A study on the consistency and influencing factors of China’s provincial energy saving and environmental protection[J]. RESOURCES SCIENCE, 2018, 40(12): 2438-2450 https://doi.org/10.18402/resci.2018.12.11
新窗口打开 财政支出反映政府政策选择,体现政府活动的方向和范围。节能环保支出一方面能够直接用于改善生态环境,一方面能够发挥财政资金的引领功能,引导社会资本聚焦节能环保领域,推动节能环保进步,预期其对节能与环保一致性的实现具有积极作用。工业污染治理投资体现政府对环境污染的规制强度[25]。政府环境规制加强,会促使企业增加污染治理投资,反之,则会降低污染治理投资力度。也有****用排污费收入作为政府环境规制强度的衡量指标[32],但是,2018年1月1日《环境保护税法》正式实施,有关排污收费规章和规范性文件同时废止。将工业污染治理投资占GDP比重作为一个解释变量的另一个目的是从节能与环保一致的视角验证“波特假说”的存在性。能源强度变化是能源政策、环境政策、节能环保规制、技术进步等多方力量共同作用的结果,预期能源强度下降有利于节能与环保实现一致。 环境污染物排放与经济增长之间若存在倒“U”型环境库茨涅兹曲线关系,在本文中将以“U”型曲线的方式呈现。为此,引入人均GDP的对数的二次项(X12),考察经济发展水平对实现节能与环保一致性的影响是否存在拐点。财政收支与经济发展水平高度相关[28],为考察经济发展水平是否还通过财政节能环保支出间接影响节能与环保一致性的实现,引入节能环保支出和人均GDP对数的交互项Z1×X1。由于对“经济结构”的表述不一,甚至导致截然相反的研究结论[31]。为避免单一指标造成参数估计偏倚,本文选取产业结构、产权结构、工业内部结构和城市化率四个指标表示经济结构,见表2。单一指标也难以保证描述科技进步的客观性。研发投入[33]能够反映科技活动规模,但是衡量科技活动成效的能力有限。相对国外技术的引进和吸收,国内的自主研发力度弱且实用性小,用授权专利数衡量技术进步也存在不足之处[34]。而且,技术的获取还包括交易、购买、FDI(Foreign Direct Investment,外商直接投资)的方式[35],技术市场是促进科技与经济结合,优化配置科技资源,推动科研成果转化的重要平台,技术市场成交额能够体现科技占有量规模。综上选择多个指标表征科技进步较为合适。已有研究用不同指标表征对外开放水平。魏楚等[29]采用地区进出口贸易总额占 GDP 比重来表示对外开放程度。王兵等[22]和涂正革[33]分别研究了FDI对环境效率的影响,却得到相反的结论。林伯强等[36]认为对外贸易同时通过进、出口两种途径对能源效率产生影响。为验证是否存在“污染天堂”,“隐性污染转移风险”,“对外贸易依赖”等现象,选取外资利用规模、出口贸易和进口贸易三个变量反映对外开放水平。
节能、环保、节能环保效率的累计计算次数均为480省次。不考虑能源消费的清洁化结构时,节能效率有效380省次,环保效率和节能环保效率有效的省份数量均为65省次。考虑能源消费的清洁化结构情形下,节能效率有效 405省次,环保效率有效与节能环保效率有效的省份数量均为110省次。考虑能源消费的清洁化结构后,全要素的节能效率、环保效率、节能环保效率的有效性显著增加,增加的省次情况如表3所示。 Table 3 表3 表3考虑能源消费的清洁化结构情形下,新增的节能效率或环保效率有效的省份(年份) Table 3Additional provinces which energy efficiency or environmental efficiency is effective in the context of considering the clean structure of energy consumption (years)
新窗口打开 如图1所示,考虑能源消费的清洁化结构情形下,节能效率值、环保效率值、节能环保效率值均比不考虑能源消费的清洁化结构时增加,环保效率增幅大于节能效率增幅,二者差距随时间呈递增趋势。直接以能源消费总量作为投入要素而不考虑能源消费的清洁化结构的做法,造成节能效率值、环保效率值、节能环保效率值的低估。这一关系也表明能源消费的清洁化结构优化有利于提升全要素的节能效率、环保效率、节能环保效率。因此,将能源作为DEA效率模型的投入要素时,应考虑能源消费的清洁化结构的影响。除论证能源消费的清洁化结构对全要素效率测度的影响外,本文的分析均以考虑能源消费的清洁化结构情形下的效率值为基础。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图12001—2016年中国考虑能源消费的清洁化结构情形下全要素效率提升幅度 -->Figure 1The increase rates of total factor efficiency under consideration of the clean structure of energy consumption in China from 2001 to 2016 -->
3.2 实现节能与环保一致性的省份数量及时空分布
样本期内,实现节能与环保一致性的省份数量累计110省次,不足计算省次总数的1/4,数量上仍有很大提升空间。按照四大区域划分方式(东部地区包括北京,天津,河北,上海,江苏,浙江,山东,福建,广东,海南;东北地区包括辽宁,吉林,黑龙江;中部地区包括山西,安徽,江西,河南,湖北,湖南;西部地区包括内蒙古,广西,重庆,四川,贵州,西藏(未包含于本文的样本空间),云南,陕西,甘肃,青海,宁夏,新疆),分析节能与环保一致的实现情况是否具有区域差异。节能与环保一致的省份空间分布的区域差异特征显著,东部地区实现节能与环保一致共计77省次,中部地区18省次,东北地区14省次,西部地区1省次,分别占各区域计算省次总数的48.13%,18.75%,29.17%,0.57%。节能与环保一致的省份数量随时间增加缓慢,“十五”时期,实现31省次,“十一五”时期,实现34省次,“十二五”时期,实现37省次,2016年实现8省次。 能源消费的清洁化结构优化有利于节能与环保一致性的实现。考虑能源消费的清洁化结构后,节能与环保一致的省份累计数量从65省次增加至110省次,新增省份如表4所示。新增节能与环保一致的45省次与新增环保效率有效省次完全一致,其中仅有3省次是由于能源消费的清洁化结构优化使得节能效率、环保效率、节能环保效率同时变为有效而实现节能与环保一致,其他42省次均是由于能源消费的清洁化结构优化使环保效率、节能环保效率变为有效而实现的。 Table 4 表4 表42001—2016年是否考虑能源消费的清洁化结构两种情形下中国具有节能与环保一致性的省份统计 Table 4Province statistics with energy conservation and environmental protection consistency in China in the two contexts of whether considering the clean structure of energy consumption from 2001 to 2016
样本期内,节能效率有效405省次,其中环保效率无效295省次,表明节能不一定环保。节能效率与环保效率均无效的省份75省次,证明高耗能必然高污染。可见,节能与环保失衡的现象比高耗能高污染更普遍。环保效率有效的省份(110省次)节能效率也有效,意味着环保必然节能。根据年度全要素效率均值绘制图2。从图2可以看出节能效率年度均值高于环保效率(与余泳泽[7]的研究结论一致),节能环保效率均值高于环保效率而低于节能效率。效率有效次数和效率均值的差异都表明节能绩效优于环保绩效。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图22001—2016年中国全要素的节能效率、环保效率、节能环保效率均值 -->Figure 2Average values of total factor efficiency of energy saving, environmental protection, and energy saving and environmental protection in China from 2001 to 2016 -->
基于前文的实证结果,实现节能与环保协调一致,相互促进,提高绿色发展水平,应从以下方面做出努力。 (1)增加财政节能环保支出,提高政府对节能环保事务的调控能力和执行能力。 (2)加快经济结构优化升级步伐。协调省际节能环保政策,严防严控高耗能高污染企业择地建厂,防范承接产业转移带来的资源环境破坏风险。加快国有企业改革步伐,提升国有企业节能效率、环保效率,发挥国有企业在节能环保领域的带动作用。城市化进程更要提质增效,使其成为推动绿色发展的动力源泉。 (3)加快发展节能环保产业,大力鼓励和支持节能环保技术创新,通过对生产设备和生产工艺的绿色改造升级、更新换代,推行清洁生产方式,提高产业结构清洁度。 (4)扩大对外开放,提高对外开放质量。建立健全外资项目绿色审核机制和出口产品生产过程的绿色评估机制,加强对引进外资的绿色监管,防止成为外资产业的“污染天堂”。同时通过规模经济和“出口中学”[48]效应,提高出口贸易品生产过程的清洁水平,防止因出口贸易带来隐性污染转移。 The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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