Research progress on inefficient urban industrial land based on supply side structural reform
LUOYao1,2,, WUQun1, 1. College of Land Administration, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China2. College of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241003, China 通讯作者:通讯作者:吴群,E-mail: wuqun@njau.edu.cn 收稿日期:2017-11-8 修回日期:2018-01-26 网络出版日期:2018-06-25 版权声明:2018《资源科学》编辑部《资源科学》编辑部 基金资助:国家自然科学基金重点项目(71233004)国家社会科学基金重大项目(17ZDA076)安徽省高校人文社科重点研究基地项目(SK2017A0269) 作者简介: -->作者简介:罗遥,男,安徽广德人,博士生,主要研究领域为土地经济、不动产管理。E-mail: luoyao1986@163.com
关键词:城市低效用地;工业用地;供给侧结构性改革;效率评价;研究进展 Abstract Under the background of supply side structural reform, there has been increasing focus on urban inefficient industrial land. This paper is based on the route of connotative definition—efficiency evaluation—cause analysis—disposal research. We summarize the connotation of inefficient urban industrial land and analyze the index system, scale and methods of efficiency evaluation to explore reasons for the formation of inefficient urban industrial land, disposal modes and obstacles. We found that the connotation and basic theory research into urban inefficient industrial land needs to be further studied to clarify the mechanism of production, disposal mechanism and mechanism of interest game among stakeholders. The scientific method of selecting evaluation methods needs to be improved, the contents of the index system should focus on technological innovation, intellectual property rights, environmental protection and sustainable utilization. The disposal modes of inefficient urban industrial land are relatively unitary, and most of them are limited to the government-led disposal mode. Therefore, future research should focus on how to give full play to the decisive role of market mechanisms in the allocation of inefficient industrial land, guide all kinds of subjects to participate in and realize benefit sharing. The supply of top-level institutions for urban inefficient industrial land is far behind local practice. Therefore, the reform experience should be summarized, top-level institutional design should be innovative; we need to integrate the disposal of urban inefficient industrial land and support emerging industry land policy.
改革开放以来,中国工业化高速发展,工业用地规模不断增加,土地利用效率逐步提升。但在长期粗放的用地方式下,工业用地外延扩张与低效利用现象并存,土地资源紧缺与低效利用矛盾突出[1]。一方面,工业用地快速扩张占用大量耕地;另一方面,快速工业化长期依靠工业用地的低成本和高消耗维系。2000—2015年,全国居住用地和商业用地价格年平均涨幅分别为10.31%和8.34%,工业用地涨幅仅为3.87%;工矿仓储用地占建设用地供应总量的比例连续多年超过40%,容积率仅为0.3~0.6[2]。工业用地重规模轻效率,重扩张轻挖潜的问题严重[3]。 梳理2007—2017年以来关于城市低效工业用地问题研究的文献资料,可以得出其关键词主要有:低效工业用地、城镇低效用地、存量土地、闲置土地、棕地、节约集约、“三旧”改造、城市更新、二次开发、退二进三、减量化、内涵界定、形成原因、效率评价、收益分配、利益博弈、处置模式和退出机制等等[4,5,6,7](见图1)。并且可以进一步地归纳为:现有研究主要是基于“内涵界定—效率评价—成因分析—处置研究”这一分析路线展开。尽管这些研究都关注了城市低效工业用地的某一方面问题,对工业用地合理利用起到了积极的作用,但对供给侧结构性改革下城市低效工业用地问题的思考较少,这也是当前政策未达到预期效果的原因之一。当前发达国家和地区城市低效工业用地利用已有成功的案例[8,9,10],如何结合国情,探索中国城市低效工业用地问题迫在眉睫。因此,本文基于对供给侧结构性改革的思考,依托“内涵界定—效率评价—成因分析—处置研究”这一现有研究的分析路线,梳理当前该领域研究的进展,总结已有研究观点,指出当前研究亟需解决的问题,并进一步提出解决设想,从而提高供给侧结构性改革的实施效率,具有重要的研究意义。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图1城市低效工业用地问题研究关键词云 -->Figure 1Keywords cloud of research on urban inefficient industrial land -->
2 供给侧结构性改革与城市低效工业用地利用
随着新常态的到来,中国社会经济发展步入各类矛盾突出和深化改革攻坚克难的关键阶段,为适应和引领新常态,贯彻新的发展理念,2015年11月,中央财政领导小组会议首次提出“供给侧结构性改革”[11]。供给侧结构性改革旨在通过调整经济结构,优化要素配置,提高有效供给,提升经济增长的质量和数量,包括去产能、去库存、去杠杆、降成本、补短板五项内容[12]。与传统的需求侧改革不同,供给侧结构性改革以提升供给质量和要素生产率为目标,通过制度创新、技术创新和管理创新促进经济发展,实现社会生产力提升[13]。 土地是社会经济发展的空间载体和基本要素,与劳动力、资本、制度创造和创新共同成为改革的重点[14]。供给侧结构性改革从全面提升供给质量的角度,为城市低效工业用地问题研究提供了新的思路:通过土地制度创新,优化工业用地结构,盘活低效工业用地,引导工业企业转型升级,促进过剩产能工业用地退出,实现工业用地总量减量和效率提升,提高创新型工业用地供给,促进中国工业发展顺应工业4.0时代的要求。具体来看,供给侧结构性改革与低效工业用地利用的关系如图2所示。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图2供给侧结构性改革与城市低效工业用地利用关系 -->Figure 2Relationship between supply side structural reform and utilization of inefficient urban industrial land -->
城市工业用地利用效率是诸多要素相互影响和相互作用的结果,因此,城市工业用地利用效率评价实际上是对多维要素的综合处理与运算过程。****们基于不同的研究目标,选取了不同的评价方法,这些方法都是很有益的尝试。梳理2007—2016年有关城市工业用地利用效率研究的代表性文献资料可以得出,主要的评价方法有:基于比较优势理论的评价模型、改进的土地利用绩效模型、空间相关分析法和GIS技术、主成分分析法和多因素综合评价法、TOPSIS方法和障碍度模型、改进的功效系数法和熵权法、熵权TOPSIS模型、索洛残差法、随机前沿分析方法和数据包络分析方法等(见表1)。 Table 1 表1 表12007—2016年城市工业用地效率评价方法的发展历程 Table 1Development process of efficiency evaluation methods for urban industrial land from 2007 to 2016
城市低效工业用地的开发利用需要制度、政策和决策等层面的多维支撑,在“政府引导、市场取向、公众参与、利益共享和因地制宜”的原则下对城市低效工业用地问题进行研究,具有重要的意义。本文基于对供给侧结构性改革的思考,依托“内涵界定—效率评价—成因分析—处置研究”这一路线分析以往研究可见,当前国内外研究尚处于探索阶段,****们基于不同的研究目的,取得了阶段性的研究成果,但在一些关键性的问题上还存在诸多不足,需要进一步探讨。 (1)城市低效工业用地内涵和基础理论研究需要深入。****们根据自身研究基础,对城市低效工业用地内涵提出了不同的释义,但对其基础理论缺乏深入探讨。后续研究需要科学界定城市低效工业用地的内涵,厘清城市低效工业用地的产生原因、处置动力机制和主体间利益博弈机制,这是分析城市低效工业用地问题的基础和前提。 (2)城市低效工业用地效率评价方法选择的科学性和指标体系构建的规范性有待提高。****们主要基于研究基础和数据来选择评价方法,对评价方法的合理性缺少深入分析,后续研究应加强对评价方法的对比分析,探索客观赋值法的应用,寻求更为科学的评价方法。建立评价指标体系时,应注重指标体系的规范性、系统性和层次性,提高研究成果的应用性。同时,指标体系应更加注重对技术创新、环境保护和可持续利用等方面的关注,以适应供给侧结构性改革和创业创新对工业用地利用的新要求。 (3)城市低效工业用地处置模式较为单一,市场手段运用的研究不足。当前实践和研究大多局限于政府主导的处置模式,难以调动土地权利人和投资者的积极性,处置效率较低。《国土资源部关于深入推进城镇低效用地再开发的指导意见(试行)》[68]指出,鼓励土地权利人参与开发,鼓励社会资本积极进入,形成丰富多样的开发模式。如何发挥市场机制在低效工业用地配置中的决定性作用,引导各种主体参与并实现利益共享,是未来研究的重点之一。后续应注重对低效工业用地处置中市场手段运用的研究,构建各主体间的利益平衡和共享机制。 (4)城市低效工业用地相关的顶层制度设计研究不足。当前,城市低效工业用地处置顶层制度供给远落后于地方实践,各地开展城市低效工业用地再开发工作时主要依据的是省、市、县级政府的规范性文件,有的甚至是区政府办公室的规范性文件,这些地方性法律、法规的约束力普遍不足。应尽快总结各地改革经验,完善现有法律法规,创新顶层制度设计。同时,在供给侧结构性改革下,新产业和新业态快速发展,应探索城市低效工业用地处置与新兴行业用地支持政策的融合,国土资源部等六部委《关于支持新产业新业态发展促进大众创业万众创新用地的意见》[69]对有关政策进行了总体规范,如何在此基础上结合地方实际进行提升和配套,是需要关注的重点。 The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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