关键词:流域水资源;优化配置;用水主体;满意度函数;清漳河流域 Abstract At present, water resource allocation of river basins in China is mainly based on the hypothesis of collective rationality and from the perspective of the single decision body so as to maximize benefits to the whole river basin. For failing to fully consider the negotiation will and interests of various water bodies in the river basin, the bodies’ satisfaction degree of water distribution scheme is always low and scheme execution resistance is generally high. We define the concept of the satisfaction degree of water body to measure bodies’ satisfaction level of water resource allocation schemes. On this basis, we further propose the satisfaction degree principle, and quantify it to two functions (the lowest satisfaction degree function and the difference satisfaction degree function) to provide water bodies with a participation channel in river basin water allocation decision-making. Combining basic water allocation principles and satisfaction degree principles, we build an optimal water resources allocation model of river basins, and validity is verified using the Qingzhang River Basin. We found that the built model conforms with the principle of equity; the level of the satisfaction degree of various areas in the river basin to the water diversion scheme is positively correlated with these areas’ own decision-making weight; and the lower the lowest satisfaction degree is set, the more river basin water resource managers focus on the efficiency of water activities. And in contrast, the higher the lowest satisfaction degree is set, the more the managers pay attention to the fairness of water activity.
清漳河流经山西的晋中市和长治市以及河北境内的邯郸市,根据《漳河上游水资源供需分析及调配研究》[18], 1)(1) 漳河上游水资源供需分析及调配研究. 河海大学, 2014年。),其流域供水、需水情况以及农业、工业用水情况如表1所示,基本生活用水情况如表2所示。本节使用所构建的模型对清漳河流域水资源进行分配,对不同最低满意度情况下清漳河流域水资源配置结果进行分析。 Table 1 表1 表1清漳河流域供需水以及农工业用水情况 Table 1Water supply and agricultural and industrial water consumption in Qing River Basin
子区
行政 分区
总供水量 /亿m3
现状用水量 /亿m3
灌溉面积 /hm2
农业用水定额/(m3/亩)
渠系利 用系数
工业用水定额 /(m3/万元)
总需水量 /亿m3
清漳河山西境内
晋中市
0.423 2
0.431 1
78 000
300
0.49
71
0.444 4
长治市
0.071 7
0.071 4
1 993
300
0.49
97
0.073 6
清漳河河北境内
邯郸市
1.175 0
1.167 4
12 333
548
0.49
43
1.203 3
新窗口打开 Table 2 表2 表2清漳河流域生活用水情况 Table 2Domestic water consumption in Qing River Basin
行政分区
城镇人口 /万人
城镇用水指标/(L/(人·天))
农村人口 /万人
农村用水指标/(L/(人·天))
大牲畜 /万头
小牲畜 /万头
大牲畜用水 /(L/(头·日))
小牲畜用水 /(L/(头·日))
晋中市
8.58
125
22.44
62
7.54
67.90
35
15
长治市
0.54
62
7.34
40
0.87
4.09
35
15
邯郸市
10.12
142
35.46
45
5.26
41.23
35
15
新窗口打开 根据表1和表2,可计算出流域内山西和河北的基本生活需水量分别为0.1520和0.1400亿m3,优先满足基本生活用水后,流域可供分配的水资源总量为1.3779亿m3,山西和河北的需水量分别为0.3660亿m3、1.0633亿m3。 通过实地调研,本文设定水源地优先、占用优先和人口优先原则在清漳河流域水资源配置中的受重视程度分别为0.3、0.4和0.3。基于表1和2中的供水量、现状用水量和区域人口数据,依据公式(9),计算得出山西省和河北省的决策权重分别为0.347、0.653。 取 , ,根据本文构建的流域水资源优化配置模型,得到不同最低满意度值下的配置结果,见表3。 Table 3 表3 表3清漳河流域水资源优化配置结果 Table 3The results of water allocation in Qing River Basin
本文所构建的考虑用水主体满意度的流域水资源优化配置模型兼顾了集体理性和个体理性,既从流域分水主体角度考虑了配置方案的合理性,又从用水主体角度考虑了分水方案的可行性,使得分水方案在体现流域整体利益的同时,兼顾了用水个体的利益诉求,提高了用水主体对配置方案的满意度,进而提高了流域水资源配置方案的可行性。 分析表明,最低满意度取值的高低,既反映了流域水资源管理者对水资源配置公平性和效率的重视程度,又反映了用水主体对配水方案满意度的差异性:最低满意度设置较低,流域管理者更强调水资源配置的效率,用水主体对配水方案满意度差异较大;反之,流域管理者更强调水资源配置的公平性,用水主体对配水方案满意度差异较小。因此,在流域水资源配置过程中,流域管理机构可以通过调节最低满意度参数实现兼顾公平和效率的水资源配置。 The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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