Environmental efficiency and its determinants regarding China's grain production
TIANXu, WANGShangao China Center for Food Security Studies,College of Economics and Management,Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing 210095,China 收稿日期:2016-03-16 修回日期:2016-06-23 网络出版日期:2016-11-16 版权声明:2016《资源科学》编辑部《资源科学》编辑部 基金资助:国家自然科学基金项目(7147312371333008)南京农业大学人文社科基金面上项目(SK2014038)江苏省高校优势学科建设工程资助项目 作者简介: -->作者简介:田旭,男,湖北黄冈人,博士,副教授,研究方向为食物消费与营养转型、农业生产以及生产效率分析等研究。
关键词:粮食生产;环境效率;随机前沿方法;影响因素 Abstract Environmental issues caused by agricultural production have attracted wide concern. Estimating environmental efficiency is an intuitive way to reflect the impact of agricultural production on ecological systems,which can make people realize the environmental costs of agricultural production and contribute to sustainable production. We used the Rural Fixed Point Observation(RFPO)dataset from 2004 to 2012 for China and adopted a stochastic frontier translog production function to estimate the environmental efficiency of China’s household grain production. A Tobit model was then used to identify the determinants of environmental efficiency. We found that the average technical efficiency and environmental efficiency are 0.802 and 0.489 respectively. A strong and positive association was also detected between these two efficiencies. The estimated average technical efficiency dropped slightly after taking environmental efficiency into account,while the relative magnitude of technical efficiency in three regions remains the same. We found that environmental efficiency varies greatly across regions and Central China has the highest efficiency while Eastern China the lowest. A decreasing trend along with time change in environmental efficiency was found for all three regions,indicating a deteriorating agricultural ecological system in China. Farmers with different scales also presented different environmental efficiency. Large-scale farmer’s environmental efficiency is higher than small-scale farmers. Environmental efficiency was also influenced by farmer characteristics,agricultural inputs,training and land fragmentation. In particular,older and well-educated farmers have higher environmental efficiency;larger scale farms and more labor input also contributed to lower pollution. Agricultural training,land fragmentation,and intensive use of fertilizers and pesticides have negative impacts on environmental efficiency.
3.2.1 环境效率的时空差异 依据表3的估计结果,利用公式(6)计算了2004-2012年中国各地区农户粮食生产的环境效率,结果见表4。首先,从全国范围来看,中国粮食生产的环境效率均值为0.489,表明在维持当前投入与产出水平不变的情况下,如果能够消除效率损失,中国粮食生产中的非合意产出(总磷、总氮和碳排放)可以降低51.1%。其次,分地区来看,中国粮食生产环境效率的均值呈现出中部、西部、东部依次递减的趋势。中部地区粮食生产环境效率的均值达到了0.514,高过全国平均水平2.5个百分点;西部和东部地区次之,分别为0.487和0.453。最后,从时间上来看,无论是全国范围还是东中西部地区,粮食生产环境效率均呈现出递减的趋势。其中,全国粮食生产的环境效率均值在此期间下降了0.154,说明中国粮食产量“十一连增”的背后是以环境不断恶化为代价,因此有必要重新审视中国粮食的生产方式。 Table 3 表3 表3随机前沿生产函数的参数估计结果 Table 3Estimation results of stochastic frontier production function
变量
变量名称
估计系数值
T值
变量
变量名称
估计系数值
T值
ln(x1)
面积
-4.000***
-21.08
ln(x2)× ln(x3)
投工和化肥交乘
-0.073***
-24.40
ln(x2)
投工
-0.106**
-2.17
ln(x2)× ln(x4)
投工和其他交乘
0.029***
9.61
ln(x3)
化肥
2.143***
29.92
ln(x2)× ln(x5)
投工和非合意交乘
0.058***
6.59
ln(x4)
其他
0.219***
3.37
ln(x2)× t
投工和时间交乘
-0.010***
-13.85
ln(x5)
非合意
1.991***
11.69
ln(x3)× ln(x4)
化肥和其他交乘
-0.077***
-26.98
t
时间
-0.118***
-7.33
ln(x3)× ln(x5)
化肥和非合意交乘
-0.377***
-29.39
[ln(x1)]2
面积的平方
-0.515***
-30.04
ln(x3)×t
化肥和时间交乘
-0.003***
-2.67
[ln(x2)]2
投工的平方
0.001
1.10
ln(x4)× ln(x5)
其他和非合意交乘
-0.025**
-2.18
[ln(x3)]2
化肥的平方
0.065***
43.19
ln(x4)×t
其他和时间交乘
0.009***
9.36
[ln(x4)]2
其他的平方
0.030***
18.89
ln(x5)×t
非合意和时间交乘
0.018***
6.36
[ln(x5)]2
非合意的平方
-0.017
-1.21
Dummy1
东部地区
0.078***
28.37
t2
时间的平方
0.001***
7.03
Dummy2
中部地区
0.099***
38.02
ln(x1)× ln(x2)
面积和投工交乘
-0.004
-0.51
_cons
常数项
-5.280***
-9.44
ln(x1)× ln(x3)
面积和化肥交乘
0.524***
43.50
mu
估计值
-6.962***
-39.46
ln(x1)× ln(x4)
面积和其他交乘
0.007
0.60
usigma
估计值
0.626***
25.98
ln(x1)× ln(x5)
面积和非合意交乘
0.395***
13.78
vsigma
估计值
-2.597***
-332.05
ln(x1)×t
面积和时间交乘
-0.024***
-8.81
注:*、**、***分别表示在10%、5%和1%的水平下显著。
新窗口打开 Table 4 表4 表42004-2012年各地区粮食生产的环境效率值 Table 4Environmental efficiency of grain production across regions from 2004 to 2012
年份
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
平均
东部
0.535
0.473
0.495
0.485
0.391
0.458
0.445
0.406
0.363
0.453
中部
0.598
0.548
0.563
0.544
0.447
0.497
0.505
0.452
0.437
0.514
西部
0.560
0.533
0.519
0.508
0.437
0.476
0.483
0.437
0.436
0.487
全国
0.568
0.521
0.531
0.516
0.428
0.479
0.481
0.435
0.414
0.489
数据来源:作者根据样本数据计算。 新窗口打开 3.2.2 环境效率与种植规模 上文的分析结果表明,中国粮食生产的环境效率存在明显的地区差异。那么,不同种植规模农户粮食生产的环境效率是否也存在差异是本文接下来考察的另一个内容。关于农户经营规模的划分标准主要是依据农户的种植面积,但由于各地区耕地状况不尽相同,因此并没有统一的标准来界定规模农户[26]。考虑到固定观察点调研小农户居多的实际情况,本文将种植面积小于0.33hm2界定为小规模农户;0.33~1hm2界定为中规模农户;大于1hm2界定为大规模农户,这与李岳云等、屈小博的划分标准大致一致[27,28]。2004-2012年全国各地区不同规模农户粮食生产环境效率值分布见图2。总体来看,无论是全国还是东中西部地区,不同规模农户粮食生产的环境效率均呈现出递减趋势,这进一步说明了中国粮食生产的环境状况趋于恶化。值得关注的是,就全国范围而言,大规模农户粮食生产的环境效率普遍高于中小规模农户,而中等规模农户粮食生产的环境效率又高于小规模农户,且这种趋势在东、西部地区体现得尤为明显。一种可能的解释是,与大规模农户相比,中小规模农户大多是兼业户,投入到农业生产的时间相对较少,有可能通过加大化肥、农药等生产资料的使用来替代日常田间管理。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图22004-2012年中国各地区不同规模农户粮食生产环境效率值分布 -->Figure 2Environmental efficiencies of farmers with different scales across regions from 2004 to 2012 -->
3.2.3 环境效率与技术效率的关系 如前文所述,忽略环境效率会影响技术效率的估计。因此,本文首先对比分析了不考虑环境因素和考虑环境因素两种情况下的技术效率差异(见表5)。总体来看,考虑环境因素后,全国层面农户粮食生产技术效率均值由原来的0.808变为了0.802,出现了略微的下降,但变动幅度不大。从地区分布来看,无论是否考虑环境因素,中国粮食生产的技术效率均呈现出东部、中部、西部递减的趋势,但地区间差异较小。此外,考虑环境因素后,各地区的技术效率都出现一定的下降现象。而从时间上来看,两种技术效率均没有随时间出现明显的波动。 Table 5 表5 表52004-2012年各地区粮食生产技术效率差异 Table 5Technical efficiency of grain production in different regions from 2004 to 2012
年份
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
平均
不考虑 环境因素
东部
0.828
0.809
0.821
0.816
0.815
0.816
0.814
0.816
0.812
0.816
中部
0.810
0.795
0.809
0.803
0.802
0.801
0.809
0.809
0.814
0.806
西部
0.810
0.807
0.798
0.805
0.798
0.811
0.810
0.790
0.810
0.804
全国
0.815
0.802
0808
0.808
0.804
0.808
0.810
0.805
0.812
0.808
考虑 环境因素
东部
0.820
0.802
0.813
0.810
0.808
0.808
0.806
0.808
0.804
0.809
中部
0.805
0.789
0.803
0.799
0.795
0.796
0.804
0.803
0.808
0.800
西部
0.805
0.800
0.790
0.801
0.792
0.805
0.803
0.783
0.803
0.798
全国
0.809
0.796
0.802
0.803
0.798
0.802
0.804
0.798
0.805
0.802
数据来源:作者根据样本数据计算。 新窗口打开 为了进一步揭示技术效率与环境效率的相关关系,本文描述了它们的联合分布,结果见图3。首先将环境效率从低到高等距分为5组,结果显示,随着环境效率的提高,高技术效率(技术效率>0.8)农户的占比呈逐步增大趋势。具体而言,在(0,0.2]的分组中,技术效率高于0.8的农户占比为37%;而在(0.8,1]的分组中,技术效率高于0.8的农户比重高达99%,说明环境效率与技术效率呈现明显的正向相关关系,两者之间的折线图也反映出明显的正相关(请参照次坐标轴),这与大多数****的结论相一致[6,29]。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图3中国粮食生产的环境效率与技术效率的联合分布 -->Figure 3The joint distribution of technical efficiency and environmental efficiency -->
近年来,农业生产所带来的环境问题日益引起广泛关注,但当前文献鲜有将环境因素纳入到农业增长核算的框架内。有鉴于此,本文采用2004-2012年全国农村固定观察点的微观调查数据,首先利用单元调查评估方法核算了中国粮食生产的“非合意产出”,然后通过随机前沿分析方法定量测算了中国不同地区农户粮食生产的技术效率和环境效率,在此基础上,进一步分析环境效率的影响因素。主要结论有: (1)全国农户粮食生产环境效率的均值为0.489,表明当前中国粮食生产环境效率还处在较低水平。而粮食生产环境效率也存在明显的地区差异,呈现出中部、西部、东部依次递减的趋势。需要引起重视的是,无论是全国还是东中西部地区粮食生产环境效率均呈现出递减的趋势,这说明粮食产量“十一连增”的背后暗含着农业生态环境不断恶化的问题。 (2)全国范围内大规模农户粮食生产的环境效率普遍高于中小规模农户,且这一现象在东部和西部地区体现得尤为明显。此外,本文还发现粮食生产的环境效率与技术效率存在正相关,即环境效率较高的农户普遍具有较高的技术效率。 (3)本文选取的农户特征、农业生产要素、农业技术培训以及土地细碎化等因素对粮食生产环境效率具有显著影响。其中,户主的年龄、受教育年限、播种面积以及投工量对粮食生产环境效率具有显著的正向作用,而农业培训、地块数以及化肥、农药等其它生产资料则对环境效率具有明显的负向影响。 The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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