关键词:条件价值评估法;零观察值;双栏模型;三江平原湿地 Abstract The Contingent Valuation Method is a kind of non-market valuation method that combines social investigation and statistical analysis. The Contingent Valuation Method is the most popular and influential valuation method among various non-market valuation methods and has been widely used in the evaluation of non-use value of environment and resources. Data derived from the Contingent Valuation Method usually contains zero observations. The Willingness-To-Pay (WTP)function model and Tobit mode do not deal with zero observations adequately and this reduces the accuracy of estimations. Focusing on the issue of zero observations,we constructed a double-hurdle model of WTP to fit zero observations into CVM data analysis. Using the ecological protection value of the Sanjiang Plain Wetland as an example,we determined that the mean WTP of citizens in Heilongjiang Province is 127.93 CNY a year per person; the result of WTP function model is 134.58 CNY a year per person;and the result of Tobit model is 102.52 CNY a year per person. The estimation result is lower than that of the WTP function model and higher than the Tobit model,the ecological value of the Sanjiang Plain Wetland in 2010 is 4.90 billion CNY per year. The results verify that the Double-Hurdle Model can avoid overestimating WTP lead by deleting zero observations and the underestimate caused by classifying all zero observations as genuine zero observations. By comparing two hurdles,we found that factors such as income,level of acknowledgment and times of visits act differently in the two hurdles. Participation and payment are two kinds of mechanisms that need to be treated accordingly. This study offers a reference for future CVM research dealing with zero observations.
以三江平原湿地为研究对象,采用封闭式双边界二分式问卷,评估其生态保护价值。问卷发放采用面访式调查与网络调查相结合的方式,调查区域涵盖了黑龙江省全省,其中对三江平原地区的密山市、佳木斯市、抚远县等共22个县市的居民作了重点调查。在问卷的总投放量确定上采用了分层抽样法,按区域人口比例抽选样本。 调查共发放纸质问卷1302份、网络问卷665份,分别回收1003份及194份,回收率为77%、29%。其中有效问卷共927份,有效率为77.4%。初始投标值由预调查设定,问卷按初始投标值分为7种,采取平均分配的方式,每种各发放186份。 问卷包括三个部分: 第一部分是对三江平原湿地的认识调查,包括对三江平原的了解程度、关心程度、近年的旅游次数等。 第二部分调查受访者的支付意愿及不愿意支付的原因。根据已有研究[24],三江平原湿地周边95%的居民的支付意愿<200元/年,因而本研究所采用的初始投标值年支付意愿为1~200元,具体设定分别为1、5、10、20、50、100、200。二分式CVM核心问题如图1所示。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图1问卷第三部分核心问题 -->Figure 1Core questions in the third part of the questionnaire -->
第三部分为受访者社会经济属性的调查。
3.2 变量统计描述
在927份有效问卷中,312人表示不愿意为三江平原湿地生态补偿支付任何费用,零支付率为33.7%。依拒绝支付的原因划分,真实零支付共150人,抗议性零支付为162人,分别占总体的16.2%及17.5%,拒绝支付的5个原因为:费用应由政府承担,占42%;无能力支付,占33%;距离较远占11%;其他拒付原因,占10%;不需要保护,占4%。 在615位正支付受访者中,答复YY、YN、NY、NN的人数分别为436、91、55、34,其比例分别为71%、15%、9%、5%,各投标值的分布结果如表2所示。 Table 2 表2 表2双边界二分式下投标点的样本分布 Table 2Frequency of responses at each bid in double-bounded format
首先对162个抗议性样本与余下765个非抗议性样本的社会属性进行独立样本平均值异同的检验。各属性平均值异同的检验,依据该变量的方差是否相同而有不同的检验公式(方差相等的原假设均未被拒绝)。检验结果如表4所示。 Table 4 表4 表4样本均值的比较 Table 4Comparision of sample average
(1)拒绝支付原因选择“其它”的30位受访者大多填写了“已支付较多其他费用”(10人)或“对资金去向表示怀疑”(11人)等原因,今后的CVM问卷中应考虑增设以上两点选项供受访者选择。 (2)CVM零观察值问题的处理有赖于对受访者决策行为的解释和量化[38],双栏模型通过引入参与决策放宽了对决策行为的解释[42]。本研究证实参与和支付是两种不同的机制,需同时纳入CVM分析以提高估计结果的准确性。 (3)由于Cragg提出双栏模型时假设模型中的两个过程相互独立[14],因此本研究也作此假设,即受访者的两阶段决策过程是彼此独立的。然而,有时参与决策和支付决策是相关的[43],此时若沿用原始双栏模型,会产生不一致的情况[40],因此在模型构建中考虑两过程的相关性,可以提高模型的有效性。两过程的相关性问题有待今后进一步验证和讨论。 (4)CVM中零支付比例公认的范围为20%-35%,本研究的零支付率为33.7%,表明居民对支付环保费用的抗议程度较高,其主要原因为资金去向不明确、对政府工作不满、已支付其他费用等。因此,相关部门应加大宣传力度,提高公民环保意识。政府部门应提高办事效率,多为群众办实事,一切从群众利益出发。 (5)据第六次全国人口普查的数据公报[44],2010年末黑龙江总人口为3833.4万人,将平均支付意愿与人口数相乘,得到总支付意愿为49.01亿元/年。即2010年三江平原湿地生态保护价值为49.01亿元/年。 致谢:感谢黑龙江省林业厅及洪河国家级自然保护区管理局、三江国家级自然保护区管理局、兴凯湖国家级自然保护区管理局在实地调研中提供的支持与帮助。 The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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