The impact of built environment on well-being of older adults under different geographic contexts
ZHOUSuhong1,2,3,, PENGYinong1, LIULin4,5, LINRongping1, ZHANGChunxia6 1. School of Geography and Planning, SunYat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China2. Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Public Security and Disaster, Guangzhou 510275, China3. Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Guangzhou 510275, China4. Center of GeoInformatics for Public Security, School of Geographic Sciences, Guangzhou University,Guangzhou 510006, China5. Department of Geography, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH45221-0131, Ohio, USA6. Guangdong Engineering Polytechnic, Guangzhou 510520, China 收稿日期:2018-03-22 修回日期:2019-05-23 网络出版日期:2019-07-20 版权声明:2019《地理研究》编辑部《地理研究》编辑部 所有 基金资助:国家自然科学基金项目(41871148,7181101150,41531178)广东省自然科学基金项目(2017A030313228,2014A030312010) 作者简介: -->作者简介:周素红(1976-),女,广东饶平人,博士,教授,研究方向为城市地理学、时空间行为和城乡规划。E-mail: eeszsh@mail.sysu.edu.cn
关键词:不确定的地理背景问题;老年人;主观幸福感;建成环境;日常活动 Abstract Impact of built environment on older adults’ health has become a hot topic in aging geography research field. As a kind of subjective perception, well-being is influenced much by environment factors. However, bias exists when built environment’s impact on well-being is analysed only under the context of residential neighbourhood. According to the theory of uncertain geographic context problem, the built environment in daily activity space also affects individual’s well-being, not only environment around neighbourhood. For further understanding of the relationship of built environment and well-being, the article discusses the spatial temporal pattern of older people’s daily activity and the characteristic of built environment in different geographic contexts using 2016 survey of Guangzhou older adults. It is indicated that daily trajectories differ among older adults in different health statuses. What’s more, the environment they exposed are totally different as well. Therefore, Logistic regression model is used to analyse different health effects of built environment under separating geographic contexts. It is indicated that built environment affects well-being under all kinds of the geographic contexts, while the built environment of residential neighbourhood and daily activity space influences well-being to the largest extent. Besides, built environment factors in the place of maintenance activity and the place of recreation activity daily activity space have relation with well-being as well. To be more specific, the health effect of built environment like the density of bus stops, the density of green space and the density of intersections varies with geography contexts due to different activity durations, frequencies and purposes under different geographic contexts. The research verifies that built environment influences well-being not only in residential neighbourhood and reveals that geographic context difference exists while we analyse the health effect of built environment. What’s more, the relationship of built environment factors and older adults’ well-being under different geography contexts is also summarized. The conclusion supplements the research of spatial temporal behaviour from the perspective of daily activity and helps to enhance the understanding of built environment’s health effect. It offers a scientific support to the construction of aging liveable city and the provision of active aging health service.
Keywords:uncertain geographic context problem;older adults;well-being;built environment;daily activity -->0 PDF (6167KB)元数据多维度评价相关文章收藏文章 本文引用格式导出EndNoteRisBibtex收藏本文--> 周素红, 彭伊侬, 柳林, 林荣平, 张春霞. 日常活动地建成环境对老年人主观幸福感的影响[J]. 地理研究, 2019, 38(7): 1625-1639 https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj020180292 ZHOUSuhong, PENGYinong, LIULin, LINRongping, ZHANGChunxia. The impact of built environment on well-being of older adults under different geographic contexts[J]. Geographical Research, 2019, 38(7): 1625-1639 https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj020180292
大城市、特大城市是中国老龄人口的集中分布区,人口规模与比重均呈现持续上升态势[33],因而地理空间视角下的特大城市老龄化研究具有重要的实践意义。广州市作为典型的特大城市之一,2015年老年人口数已占总人口数的17.27%,老龄化问题严重。广州市的老龄化空间格局呈现出明显的圈层扇形分布特征,中心城区老龄化程度最高[34,35],城市健康服务与老年人需求间的不匹配问题日益凸显。基于此,本文划定研究区域为包括越秀区、荔湾区、海珠区、白云区、天河区和黄埔区等6个行政区在内的广州中心城区(图3)。研究基于广州市第六次人口普查数据,选择户口、年龄、学历、职业、家庭婚姻状况、住房面积、房屋年代、房屋性质以及房屋租金等9类指标进行因子生态分析,提取出本地老龄化人员、高收入的专业技术人员、月租金较高人员、公有住房住户、农村住房住户、经济适用房住户及已婚在业人员等7个主因子,累计方差贡献率达79.4%。根据各因子得分,对广州市社区进行聚类,划分为公有住房社区、中产阶级中档社区、中产阶级高档社区、外来人口社区、经适房社区、农村社区以及老龄化社区等7类,各类社区的特征解释如表1所示。在各类社区再挑选共46个特征突出的典型社区作为本次研究对象,涵盖了不同老龄化程度与社会经济水平的社区。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图3广州市研究区域范围和案例社区分布 -->Fig. 3The study area of Guangzhou and the surveyed communities -->
Tab. 1 表1 表1广州市各类社区典型特征 Tab. 1Types and characteristics of communities in Guangzhou
为刻画不同主观幸福感状况老年人的日常活动时空路径,利用STPath时空分析插件对居民日常活动时空间进行三维可视化,x轴与y轴代表居民的活动地点坐标,z轴代表居民的停留时间[45]。图6a反映了主观幸福感评分13分以下老年人的时空路径,图6b反映了主观幸福感评分在13分及以上老年人的时空路径。结果显示老年人活动轨迹主要位于中心城区,其中活动范围主要集中在越秀区及海珠区西部的老年人群体表现出更高的主观幸福感得分,而集聚在天河区南部、萝岗中部片区活动的老年人群体主观幸福感得分偏低。此外,在有长距离活动的老年人群体中,主观幸福感状况好的老年人从中心城区向番禺、萝岗等外围城区的日常活动更多,且活动停留时间均较长。总体而言,老年人日常活动的区位特征、时空特征等和个体主观幸福感状况存在一定的关联,从个体时空活动的视角出发,有必要综合考虑多个活动场所及活动路径下建成环境的健康效应。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图6老年人日常活动时空路径与主观幸福感关系 -->Fig. 6Relationship between daily activity path and well-being of older adults -->
4.3 老年人日常活动地的建成环境特征
为验证不同日常活动地周边建成环境是否存在明显差异,分别基于老年人日常活动的居住地、维护性活动地、休闲性活动地以及日常活动空间对各建成环境指标进行描述性统计。在划定统计单元时,500 m半径的缓冲区域为居民5~7 min的步行可达范围,能够有效表征周边的环境特征,是探讨居民日常活动与建成环境关系的常用地理统计单元[46]。因此本文采用最短路径法拟合居民日常活动路径,选择500 m半径的缓冲区统计不同活动地的各建成环境指标的平均值与标准差,并采用非参数检验对不同活动地建成环境特征的组间差异进行检验(表4)。 Tab. 4 表4 表4不同活动地建成环境特征对比 Tab. 4Comparison of built environment under different geographic contexts
为探索不同活动地建成环境对老年人主观幸福感的影响差异,构建居住地、维护性活动地、休闲性活动地以及日常活动空间4个有序逻辑回归模型进一步展开对比分析。在控制个体年龄、受教育水平、子女数目、户口类型、个人平均月收入水平及与邻居交往状况等社会经济属性变量的基础上,重点探讨城市建成环境变量与活动特征变量对老年人主观幸福感的影响。其中居住地与日常活动空间模型的研究样本为全体老年人,而维护性活动地与休闲性活动地模型的研究样本分别为有家外维护性活动以及家外休闲性活动的老年人群体,其样本数为807个和831个。 从模型的整体拟合信息来看,4个模型的似然卡方比分别为313.052,231.796,243.705和304.748,整体显著性均为0.000,说明回归模型均有意义(表5)。在不同的地理背景模型下,年龄、受教育水平、子女数目等社会经济状况均对老年人的主观幸福感状况存在影响。随着年龄的增加,老年人主观幸福感状况有所改善;随受教育水平的提高,主观幸福感也随之增加。此外,在大专及以上的老年人群幸福感最高,子女数目为0~1名的老年人幸福感较高,中等收入的老年人群体幸福感反而偏低。对比较少与邻居打招呼的老年人群,偶尔与邻居打招呼的老年人群主观幸福感更好。 Tab. 5 表5 表5老年人主观幸福感状况影响因素回归模型结果 Tab. 5Regression model results of the impact of older adults’ well-being
自中国开展行为学派相关研究以来,城市空间与个体行为互动关系的中国研究范式不断成熟完善[55];另一方面,老年人主观幸福感与城市建成环境、城市公共服务间的内在联系也逐步成为重要的城市议题。在此背景下,本文将“不确定的地理背景问题”这一概念引入老年地理学领域,构建了基于老年人的日常活动地理背景划分方式与分析框架并对其进行验证,指出日常活动研究视角在环境与健康研究领域的有效性,从日常活动与建成环境结合的视角对老年人健康的相关研究进行补充。同时,本文对建成环境健康效应的研究进行了一定程度的拓展,揭示了建成环境影响主观幸福感的地理背景差异,总结归纳了不同地理背景中建成环境与主观幸福感的关系。 研究结论也对老年友好城市的建设与老年主动健康服务的供给提供了一定的科学支撑。首先,基于老年人群以居住地为主的地理背景,引入城市生活圈概念[56],强调面向老年人群体日常生活需求的社区基础生活圈构建,并从老年人的日常活动空间出发进行扩展生活圈的规划。其次,由于老年人的主观幸福感在不同地理背景下受建成环境的影响存在差异,因而有必要转变过去以公共服务设施为中心的均等化服务模式,转而鼓励以老年人为核心的主动健康服务模式。一方面,基于老年人个体的环境暴露状况提供精准的健康状况监测与健康行为干预,同时在配置公共服务设施时也重点强调设施的个性化与参与性。 本文也存在一些不足之处,居民的日常活动在受到建成环境的约束的同时,也受到居民活动偏好的影响[57]。居民的日常活动可能存在偏好差异,从而导致地理背景对主观幸福感的影响程度也可能存在个体偏差。在未来研究中,可以尝试将居民自选择行为纳入日常活动地的研究中,探索基于个体偏好的建成环境健康效应机制。 The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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