关键词：地方性知识;语义“原型”;空间治理;苏州东山 Abstract Comprehensive management of the Lake Taihu watershed is an important environmental protection task as well as a space governance project. This involves land use changes along the shores of Lake Taihu. Studies have found that some environmental management strategies in the study region had not achieved their goals. One of the possible reasons might be that the governance did not involve local knowledge and only applied scientific knowledge. Such phenomenon also occurred in the space governance of other regions. Based on Geertz's concept of local knowledge, this research argues that outsiders might also be able to understand the local knowledge of insiders at the semantic level. This case study focuses on the issues related to aquaculture pond construction in Dongshan town, Suzhou on the eastern shore of Lake Taihu. Through interviews, text analysis and comparative analysis, we aim to find a semantic prototype that the environmental planners (outsiders) and local aquaculture farmers (insiders) could share. We find that 'length' is the semantic prototype that formed their common understanding of the rational planning of aquaculture ponds. This semantic prototype allows the planners to understand how the aquaculture farmers construct their ponds to adapt to local environment and to integrate their local knowledge into the planning. It also helps the farmers to better understand the ponds designed by the environmental planners. This study concludes that local knowledge is not only created by local people but is also constantly changed through the interaction between insiders and outsiders. The aquaculture farmers' local knowledge which is largely based on their local practice does not think about the sustainable development of the macro region. The global perspective and scientific knowledge from the environmental planners could help local people to broaden their horizon and update their local knowledge. During this process, the staff at the local Agriculture and Forestry Service Center in Dongshan town play the role of quasi-outsiders and serve as intermediaries between the two groups to facilitate their understandings. This research sheds light on the relationship between local knowledge and scientific knowledge. We argue that integrating local knowledge into the planning procedure can greatly enhance the effectiveness of space governance.
本研究区域为江苏省苏州市吴中区东山镇。太湖流域超过三分之二的面积在苏州市,太湖的水质也影响着苏州市民的饮用水安全。自2009年来,太湖治理已使水质有了改善,但多年的水产养殖依旧是蓝藻频发的导火索。“十二五”以来,全国水产业开始进行标准化池塘改造,以实现水产养殖的可持续发展[40]。2017年,苏州市开始进行内圩治理,要求太湖沿岸3000 m范围内的77767亩养殖池塘必须实现养殖水循环或达标排放。养殖水之所以不能直排太湖,是因为养殖水中的水产排泄物、饵料残渣、药剂等都会带来二次污染。东山镇池塘标准化改造作为全市改造工作的重中之重,现有养殖池塘45369亩。2017年该镇启动了东、西大圩养殖区9000余亩池塘治理,并由北京大洋碧海渔业规划设计院负责池塘进排水、道路、水处理设施等的养殖池塘改造设计。 选择东山镇3个较有代表性的村落（图1）,分别是已在2012年全部完成池塘改造的渡口村;计划开展养殖池塘改造的双湾村,以及尚未规划改造养殖池塘的潦里村。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图1研究区域和访谈村落示意图 注：根据东山镇农林服务中心的各村内塘养殖分布图改绘。 -->Fig. 1A schematic map of the study area and interview sites -->
3.2 研究方法与分析逻辑
采用三种方法（图2）。一是访谈法。课题组访谈了3个村的内圩养殖户和东山镇农林服务中心的水产养殖专家。养殖户的选取标准是常年从事水产养殖行业的本地居民,在潦里村采访了3户养殖户,双湾村采访了2户养殖户,渡口村采访了3户养殖户。采访农林服务中心水产养殖专家3名,他们当中既有来自本地,也有来自外地的专业技术人员,在该地有较长的工作经历。相比养殖户,他们掌握科学知识,同时,他们又因有较长期的地方生活、工作经历而不同于规划专家,我们将之称为准局外人。本研究通过访谈获得局内人和准局外人所理解的养殖池塘“合理空间指标”。二是文献分析法。阅读《苏州市养殖池塘标准化改造指导性标准》（以下简称为“标准”）、《东、西大圩设计方案》（以下简称为“方案”）、由北京大洋碧海渔业规划设计院的水利工程规划专家为东、西大圩养殖池塘标准化改造设计的图纸（以下简称为“图纸”）等文本,获得局外人在工程规划中采用的控制性空间指标,结合文本佐证访谈的信息。三是比较法。比较局内人、准局外人和局外人对“合理空间指标”的理解,发现他们之间的异同,以及他们之间互动产生的区域地理知识。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图2本研究采用的三种方法与分析逻辑 -->Fig. 2The three research methods and the analytical logic -->
圩基顶部与圩基底部高差（H1）影响圩塘水产生产效率。由于圩塘水深越深,塘底部温度越低、光线越差,所以养殖户会在不同气候下根据需要,通过电泵调节水深来调节水温和光线。养殖户普遍认为,圩基顶部到圩基底部的高度差要大于1.5 m,这样春季可以将水位控制在0.7~0.8 m,夏季控制在1.5 m左右。 标准对H1的规定是1.5~2 m,科学知识认为这一高度可以使有效水体容量增加,提高养殖的平均单产数量[41]。而图纸显示（图3）,水利工程规划专家将H1控制在3.2 m,使池塘水位可达2.25 m以上,这比养殖户经验中的水深更深,其原因专家未有解释,准局外人的农林服务中心水产养殖专家也未能解释,这一高度是否能被养殖户认可,也有待研究。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图3经专家设计的东、西大圩养殖池塘高度标准 注：根据北京大洋碧海渔业规划设计院设计的主河道堤坝断面图改绘。 -->Fig. 3The standard for the height of aquaculture pond in Dongdawei and Xidawei designed by experts -->
调查的3个村子的平均池塘面积不一。潦里村的池塘位于传统圩区,平均面积最小,有些养殖户家的池塘为家庭联产承包责任制实施时保留下来的5~10亩鱼塘;渡口村已经经历改造,池塘平均面积居中;双湾村计划改造,改造后的平均面积最大。当地养殖户认为,单口池塘面积在20~30亩最好,他们的经验来自成本效率核算。在每只螃蟹的养殖投资（蟹苗费、饵料费、打捞费、药品费、电费等）既定的情况下,一个完全劳动力可以照看20~30亩的池塘。因此池塘面积若较小,劳动力的生产效率也较低。 标准中对蟹塘S的设计为10~30亩,以长方形池塘居多,该面积范围的池塘设计较适合蟹的生长,池塘水流状态较好,利于水质管理,进而可增加养殖产量,这与当地“塘大好养殖”的经验是一致的。水利工程规划专家设计的单口池塘考虑了原有圩田基础,以及东山镇水产养殖从养鱼到养蟹的转变,将过大或过小的池塘进行分割,使池塘面积维持在15~40亩,以25~30亩为主[42],节省了工程成本（图4）。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图4东大圩养殖池塘规划设计图 注：根据吴中区东山镇东大圩总体规划图[43]改绘。 -->Fig. 4The planning map of the ponds in Dongdawei -->
给排水口位置（P）与水产生产率和环境保护密切相关。当地养殖户在考虑给排水口位置时,多只考虑到自家池塘的生产效果。访谈中得知,目前未改造的潦里村给排水口是合一的,太湖的水通过闸门与圩塘附近的河道沟通,河道又通过给排水口与圩塘沟通,但养殖户普遍认识到进水与排水相互交叉极易使水产染病,影响产量或增加成本。养殖户养殖过程中排放的污水多直接排入河道,这使距太湖较远的内圩养殖户担心用水的水质问题。此外,养殖户通常只在每年春季清塘时或夏季暴雨后清塘换水,因为清塘后池塘营养物较少,且湖蟹需重新适应水的酸碱度,频繁换水不利于水产养殖。 水利工程规划专家不单考虑了给排水口分离,进水渠与排水渠间隔分布,保障新水不受尾水污染且能在塘内有较长的流动混合时间[44],还考虑了排水是否污染太湖的问题。东、西大圩外围处在东太湖保护区、湖心区保护区和太湖胥湖饮用水源区[45],水质条件较好,而水产养殖的尾水N、P含量较高,直接排入圩外极易使水体富营养化,影响太湖流域的水环境。因而在设计的方案与图纸中,专家均规划了水处理池、生态沟渠、给排水渠道、进排水闸等配套生产设施（图4）。方案考虑了养殖户的地方性知识,要求一年清塘一次,但增加了换水的次数,要求年换水6次,每次换水量约为池塘水的20%。由养殖池塘更换下来的尾水需先通过管道进入各区片的生态沟渠,经初步处理后排入净化池塘,经处理达标后可循环利用作为养殖用水。清塘的淤泥经收集与处理后,用作东山镇果林或树林的肥料[42]。这样的跨作业区物质大循环,是养殖户原来的生产经验所缺少的。 访谈对已完成池塘改造的渡口村养殖户,他们对改造后的池塘给排水较为满意,用水取自太湖,水质较干净,给排水分开,每年清塘一次进行消毒,完成投放虾苗、蟹苗的准备工作,河道的疏浚和水闸的管理等都由政府统筹,无需像之前由村民自发组织修缮。可见,在水环境保护上,通过局外人的科学知识与局内人的地方性知识间的互动,地方性知识获得了区域尺度的跃升。而随着治理的推进,内圩用水、排水不能与太湖直接沟通,养殖户对水质要求的地方性知识与水环境保护的科学知识之间的互动仍值得关注。 将局内人和局外人对“合理规划养殖池塘”的知识进行比较（表1）,发现在空间治理过程中,综合考虑经济和环境发展情境,两个主体知识语义的“原型”是长度,以及由此衍生的高度、深度、面积等。对于局内人,长度易于感知,养殖户在长期劳作中积累起对养殖池塘合理与否的基本理解,而长度关乎池塘设计的合理性,是专家在规划过程中需要准确考虑的。通过长度这一“原型”,局外人可以与局内人进行知识互动。规划专家在设计空间治理指标时,可以采纳养殖户地方性知识。值得一提的是,准局外人的东山镇农林服务中心技术人员因与养殖户有深入的日常知识交流,使得多元主体参与的池塘标准化改造可以进行两种知识的对接。 Fig. 1 表1 表1局外人与局内人对“合理规划养殖池塘”的知识理解 Fig. 1Insiders' and outsiders' understandings of rational indexes for aquaculture pond construction
本研究与吉尔兹关于局外人认识地方性知识的观点进行了对话,也在一定程度上深化了已有对地方性知识与科学知识关系的研究,但本研究并没有采用参与式观察的方法,也没有采用深描的方法。如果研究者不用深描的方法了解地方性知识,可否发掘出有价值的地方性知识,这有待后续的深入研究来回答。 致谢：特此感谢苏州市吴中区东山镇政府,东山镇农林服务中心,潦里、双湾、渡口三个村委会,北京师范大学地理科学学部地理学院2015级本科生实习小组组长陈锡逾,组员洪睿哲、黄镜溢、刘舟、李泽淼、蒲廷金、熊忠卫、刘润品、周雅、曹春梅、王鹏、高志华、耿子林、姚远、周雅平、朱琳、袁航以及北京师范大学珠海分校2016级本科生王哲翱。 The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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