关键词:旅游地理学;研究概况;历史演进;日本 Abstract In this paper, the historical evolution and development characteristics of research on tourism geography in Japan are introduced through literature reviews on major geographic journals and academic books of tourism geography. According to historical background and current academic research, the development of tourism geography in Japan is divided into four stages: (1) Emergence stage (before the WWII): the tremendous literatures concerning tourist handbooks before the Meiji Restoration with the religious tourism development were rich in tourism geographical knowledge. The international tourism after the Meiji Restoration attracted academic attentions and participation of famous geographers, which laid a foundation for the following tourism geography. Overall, research accumulation in this stage was very limited and no explicit idea of tourism geography was formed. (2) Start-up stage (WWII-1970s): as entering into the age of mass tourism, the rapid growth of tourism demands and updating of tourism supply influenced regional environment and society significantly. Geographers show more and more concern on tourism. They enriched research contents, began to make theoretical explorations on tourism geography and established an independent discipline preliminarily. (3) Development stage (late 1970s-early 1990s): the tourism development enthusiasm promoted by leisure sports, popularization of vacation and bubble economy were changing Japan profoundly, which provided abundant research materials for tourism geography. Research width and depth increased significantly. The research theories and scientificalness of tourism geography further enhanced. The formation of a group of tourism geographical experts was the talent foundation for professional development of tourism geography. (4) Pluralism development stage (middle 1990s-): the tourism leisure became rational, personalized and diversified. Emerging tourisms occurred continuously and the international tourism market became increasingly active. Research spatial range and perspective of tourism geography further expanded. Regional-based research was developed after long-term theoretical explorations and accumulation. It was determined by a professional discipline. Research on tourism geography in Japan started early and has been developed academically for nearly one century. Unique features have been formed through continuous theoretical and methodological explorations and developments. Regional-based research, which is the key of Japan's tourism geographical study, especially based on micro-space unit, is relatively mature and has accumulated a number of cases. Diversification and internationalization of tourism geography study began to be manifested. Meanwhile, it is faced with various challenges, such as macro-research shortage, oversimplified research methods, weak applicability, inadequate interdisciplinary researches, low international level, etc.
借鉴Ishii等的综述性论文所列参考文献目录[4,6-9],并结合CiNii(日本权威的学术信息网络数据库)上的搜索和补充,共收集自1930-2015年刊载于《地理学评论》《人文地理》《地学杂志》《经济地理学年报》《季刊地理学》(前身为《东北地理》)《地理科学》《新地理》《历史地理学》等日本八大地理学术刊物上的旅游地理相关学术论文203篇(表1)。这些刊物分属日本地理学会、人文地理学会、东京地学学会、经济地理学会、东北地理学会、地理科学学会、地理教育学会、历史地理学会,均有严格的同行评审制度,要求投稿之前应在学会上进行口头发表,且在投稿过程中需经多次评阅及反复修改,因此所发表的论文质量较高,代表着日本旅游地理学最新方向和成果[6]。此外,观光类学刊和大学学报中也刊发部分日本旅游地理论文[7]。其中,观光类学刊旅游地理学方面的研究成果,学科指向不太鲜明,所载论文的学科判定和归类有一定的难度。大学独自发行的学报其审稿标准尚不统一,论文质量参差不齐。故而,本文未收集以上两类刊物的相关论文成果。 Tab. 1 表1 表1日本旅游地理学论文统计 Tab. 1Academic papers on tourism geography in Japan
刊物
所属学会
创刊年度
旅游地理相关论文数量
《地理学评论》
日本地理学会
1925
49
《人文地理》
人文地理学会
1948
40
《地学杂志》
东京地学协会
1879
28
《经济地理学年报》
经济地理学会
1954
10
《季刊地理学》(前身《东北地理》)
东北地理学会
1948
11
《地理科学》
地理科学学会
1961
22
《新地理》
日本地理教育学会
1952
21
《历史地理学》
历史地理学会
1958
22
注:部分参考刘云刚等[2]。 新窗口打开 从统计来看,刊发旅游论文数量最多的是《地理学评论》,《人文地理》次之。论文发表数量在第二次世界大战之前和20世纪50年代较少,60年代开始明显增长,到90年代后期呈现大幅增长趋势(图1)。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图1日本旅游地理论文发表量的变化 *表示2010-2015年。 -->Fig. 1Number of academic papers on tourism geography in Japan -->
2.2 著作
通过CiNii数据库“搜索大学图书馆馆藏书籍”选项上输入“旅游、地理”词条的搜索和《人文地理》每年发布的“学界展望”提及的旅游地理有关书籍信息,筛选出68本旅游地理相关学术著作。1968年出版的论文合集《观光地理研究》[10]是最早的著作。截至20世纪80年代,包括日本第一部大学旅游地理教材性质的《观光地理学》在内,仅有4册著作,1990年以后增长较快(图1)。其中,论文合集所占比例为60%,是著者个人长期关注领域的研究积累,亦或按一定的主题收编多个研究者的案例,研究内容与研究方法大致和论文所反映的时代特征相似。综合性的具有理论和方法指导性的著作有10本,在旅游行业以及旅游地理研究人才的培养中扮演着传授旅游地理基础知识的角色。2000年以前出版的有两部,其余都是2000年以后出版(表2)。 Tab. 2 表2 表2日本主要旅游地理学综合性著作 Tab. 2Academic books on tourism geography in Japan
本文以日本旅游地理文献成果为线索,结合时代背景,系统梳理和归纳了日本旅游地理学的历史演进和发展特点,丰富了国内对日本旅游地理研究状况的了解。日本旅游地理学学术性研究始于20世纪20年代,经历第二次世界大战前的萌芽,旅游大众化时代的学科初步创建和成长后,步入了旅游个性化时代的多元发展期,已有近一个世纪的研究历程。旅游地理学的发展始终与其社会发展与旅游方式的阶段性变迁相应,是在对日本社会客观实际问题进行学术思考过程中,从无到有、从少到多、从松散到系统、从副业到专业,在传承与发展中逐步形成了微观区域地理实证研究特色,专业队伍也不断地发展壮大,产出了丰富的研究成果,建构和确立了独立分支学科地位。 面对旅游方式多样化、旅游活动空间广域化、学际和国际交流活跃化、学术研究手段精细化与科学化的趋势,日本旅游地理学在融合新的视角和方法不断完善和细化旅游地研究的同时,向宏观、旅游者、理论研究领域寻求新的突破,以在“故乡”[141]稳中求变,但宏观研究的欠缺、研究方法与理论相对单一、应用性不足、学际、国际交流不足等问题依然是日本旅游地理学所发展面临的重大挑战。 但日本旅游地理学的演进历程与学科特色,为中国旅游地理学的发展和转型提供了重要的参考与借鉴价值。 6.1 学科特色的演进与沉淀 微观空间尺度的旅游地案例研究一直是日本旅游地理学研究的最大特色。旅游地研究多以村落等微观空间单元为研究对象,从区域地理(地志学)视角,对旅游地形成、发展、演化等开展深入分析。主张从区域整体中考虑旅游而不是仅考虑旅游,认为旅游地是在一定的内部和外部社会经济条件下形成与发展的,在这个过程中区域的各要素相互影响、相互制约而形塑整体,其中的某要素的变化也会引起系列变化,从而带来整体的变化。旅游地研究中一贯重视细致而严谨的实地调研以进行科学论证,即日本人文地理学传统的“用脚说话”[2]也是日本旅游地理微观区域研究方法论的重要基石。在实践上,这些详细的区域研究成果补充和完善了区域地理知识,为区域开发等具体工作提供科学的区域信息;在理论上,个别旅游地研究案例的时空积累,为宏观研究及规律的探寻提供了科学依据。 受益于旅游经济与旅游需求的快速增长,30余年来中国旅游地理学的成果数量与质量都实现了极大扩展,学科趋于成熟,但总体来看学科特色的演进路径并不明晰,学科特色仍不鲜明,缺乏如日本旅游地理学一样相对稳定的沉淀期。同时,微观细致的地域研究正是中国旅游地理学研究中急需补缺的地方。在实践方面,中国旅游地理学在旅游规划、旅游开发等应用领域做出了很大贡献,但对地域内、外部条件及各要素之间关系的探究不足,以致出现不少项目或发展思路趋同、重复、不可持续的问题。在理论方面,中国旅游地理学重视宏观研究,因缺少自下而上,微观到宏观的逐步积累的过程,在时空规律的探索上缺乏足够的说服力。 6.2 代际转向的探索与实践 从日本旅游地理学研究者群体来看,早期日本地理****对旅游现象的研究带有副业性质,在“主业”之余或“主业”中偶然注意到旅游现象,围绕着“是什么,在哪里”为主做了一些概况性的分析。随着旅游大众化的进展,旅游影响显现,剖析和明确成因及地域规律需要更多的精力和专业研究工作,随之一些地理****将研究重心转向旅游现象的分析,促成专门研究群体出现。日本旅游地理学专业学术地位的确立和日本官民总体对旅游重要性的共识,以及大学旅游专业的成长,吸引更多年轻一代的加入,研究队伍得以补充和扩展。这个过程中,因所处社会现实背景和学科专业发展程度不同,代际转向与差异[142]亦同样存在。日本旅游地理学通过基于导师个人指导、专业的团体培养、学术会议平台争鸣[143]的专业人才培养模式,增强研究问题、学科认知、理论认知和研究方法上的代际对话和学术互动,从而在延续学科自身特色的同时循序渐进地进行代际传承与创新,这也许对中国旅游地理学发展所面临的转型前景的迷茫[142]有一定的启示意义。 The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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保继刚. 从理想主义、现实主义到理想主义理性回归: 中国旅游地理学发展30年回顾 . , 2009, 64(10): 1184-1192.https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2009.10.004URL [本文引用: 1]摘要 中国旅游地理学从1978年至2008年的30年发展历程中,诸多研究者在不同时期对旅游地理学的发展进行了分析和评价。但是现有总结和评价仍多是基于学科内部视角,缺乏站在中国社会发展宏观背景、学术发展整体背景以及旅游业实践背景下的外部视角。因此本文将主要从外部视角来回顾、评价旅游地理学的发展。根据不同时期研究价值取向的差别,将中国旅游地理学30年来的发展划分成三个阶段:理想主义阶段、现实主义阶段、理想主义的理性回归并与现实主义相结合的阶段,各阶段的时间跨度均大致为10年。通过总结各阶段旅游地理学的主要进展反映不同价值取向对研究和学科发展的影响。文章最后指出,由于中国目前并没有具备旅游地理学彻底地理性回归的现实条件,当前的理性回归是基于知识分子内省的个体选择,因此这种理性回归究竟能否持续仍存疑问。 [BaoJigang.From idealism to realism to rational idealism: Reflection on 30 years of development in tourism geography in China . , 2009, 64(10): 1184-1192.]https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2009.10.004URL [本文引用: 1]摘要 中国旅游地理学从1978年至2008年的30年发展历程中,诸多研究者在不同时期对旅游地理学的发展进行了分析和评价。但是现有总结和评价仍多是基于学科内部视角,缺乏站在中国社会发展宏观背景、学术发展整体背景以及旅游业实践背景下的外部视角。因此本文将主要从外部视角来回顾、评价旅游地理学的发展。根据不同时期研究价值取向的差别,将中国旅游地理学30年来的发展划分成三个阶段:理想主义阶段、现实主义阶段、理想主义的理性回归并与现实主义相结合的阶段,各阶段的时间跨度均大致为10年。通过总结各阶段旅游地理学的主要进展反映不同价值取向对研究和学科发展的影响。文章最后指出,由于中国目前并没有具备旅游地理学彻底地理性回归的现实条件,当前的理性回归是基于知识分子内省的个体选择,因此这种理性回归究竟能否持续仍存疑问。
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[WengShixiu, BaoJigang.The cross-generational differences and transformation of the academic practices of tourism geography in China . , 2017, 36(5): 824-836.]https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201705002URL [本文引用: 2]摘要 以代际关系分析中国旅游地理学正在经历的转型,有助于厘清转型背后的代际动力和转型中出现的问题。依据“同期群效应”理论,将中国旅游地理学研究者划分为开创代、第一代、中间代和新生代,并分析各代****因学术经历不同而形成的不同学术特征。研究认为,世代之间基于代际差异的学术互动是当前中国旅游地理学出现研究问题转型、学科认知转型、理论认知转型和研究方法转型的重要原因。出现转型前景尚不明朗,转型中出现了引领性问题体系的缺失、学科范畴的迷惘和理论观念的分歧等问题,中国旅游地理学研究者应通力合作建立引领性问题体系,以地理学思维破除学科迷惘,建立具有包容性的理论观。
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FukushimaT, KurehaM, OzakiN, et al.Influences of air temperature change on leisure industries: A case study on ski activities . , 2002, 7(2): 173-189.https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022803405470URL [本文引用: 1]摘要 To evaluate the influences of air temperature change on ski activities, thechanges in the numbers of skiers visiting seven ski areas in Japan were predicted in conjunction with climate change. First, having built a model forpredicting snow depth based on the budgets of water and heat using the air temperature and precipitation data collected nationwide, we demonstrated goodagreement between the predicted and observed snow depths ( p < 0.01 and the ratios for more than 81% cases ranged from 0.5 to 2). Second, the relationshipbetween the number of skiers and the depth of snow at one of the seven ski areaswas analyzed statistically on a daily basis. In addition, we did the same on amonthly basis at six other ski areas and compared the observed and predictednumbers of skiers ( p < 0.01 and the ratios for more than 94% cases ranged from 0.5 to 2). Using this model and the relationship between daily snow depth andnumber of skiers, the changes in skier numbers in the seven ski areas werepredicted for several scenarios with respect to air temperature changes; e.g. a more than 30% drop in visiting skiers was forecast in almost all ski areas in Japan except northern region (Hokkaido) and/or high altitude regions (center of the Main Island) under the condition of a 3 C increase in air temperature. The vulnerability of the ski industry and its adaptationto climate change are discussed.
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