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日粮添加肉桂醛对奶牛公犊生长、健康及瘤胃发酵性能的影响

本站小编 Free考研考试/2021-12-26

杨云燕,1, 王其炎1, 彭地纬3, 潘一帆3, 高晓梅1, 宣泽义2, 陈少梅2, 邹彩霞1, 曹艳红,2, 林波,11广西大学动物科学技术学院,南宁 530004
2广西壮族自治区畜牧研究所,广西家畜遗传改良重点实验室,南宁 530001
3湖南普菲克生物科技有限公司,长沙 410011

Effects of Cinnamaldehyde on Growth Performance,Health Status, Rumen Fermentation and Microflora of Dairy Calves

YANG YunYan,1, WANG QiYan1, PENG DiWei3, PAN YiFan3, GAO XiaoMei1, XUAN ZeYi2, CHEN ShaoMei2, ZOU CaiXia1, CAO YanHong,2, LIN Bo,1 1College of Animal Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004
2Institute of Animal Husbandry of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock Genetic Improvement
3Hunan PuFeiKe Biological Technology Co.Ltd, Changsha 410011

通讯作者: 林波,E-mail: linbo@gxu.edu.cn 曹艳红,E-mail: 94333966@qq.com

责任编辑: 林鉴非
收稿日期:2020-07-26接受日期:2020-12-21网络出版日期:2021-05-16
基金资助:国家自然科学基金.31760676
广西科技重大专项.桂科AA18118041
广西家畜遗传改良重点实验室课题.2020GXKLLGI-02


Received:2020-07-26Accepted:2020-12-21Online:2021-05-16
作者简介 About authors
杨云燕,E-mail: 1178413798@qq.com












摘要
【目的】在犊牛开食料中添加肉桂醛,研究其对早期奶牛公犊生长性能、健康、瘤胃发酵及微生物区系的影响,为肉桂醛在早期犊牛的培育应用提供理论依据。【方法】试验选24头出生2周龄、体重相接近,健康状况良好的荷斯坦奶牛公犊,分为对照组和试验组,每组3个重复,每个重复4头,对照组饲喂基础开食料,试验组在开食料中添加0.3%含油率为15%的包被肉桂醛。哺乳期预饲期6 d,正饲期27 d,两组饲喂等量牛奶,开食料及燕麦草自由采食,断奶日通过胃管采集瘤胃液;断奶后全部动物按照相同饲养管理方式继续饲喂51 d,试验末通过胃管采集瘤胃液。试验期的两个阶段均测定奶牛公犊采食量,生长性能、体尺指标、粪便评分和瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸指标,并基于16SrDNA基因高通量测序法对奶牛公犊瘤胃细菌区系测定分析。【结果】1)在采食量和生长性能方面,犊牛哺乳阶段、断奶后以及试验全期,试验组的平均日增重、干物质采食量、料重比等指标与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05),试验组与对照组在体尺指标中各阶段差异不显著(P>0.05);2)在犊牛健康方面,试验组犊牛腹泻率均低于对照组,但与对照组腹泻率差异不显著(P>0.05);3)在瘤胃发酵指标方面,断奶日试验组各挥发性脂肪酸的含量均低于对照组,但差异不显著(P>0.05);试验末试验组乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸和总挥发性脂肪酸极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);4) 试验末,肉桂醛显著提高了瘤胃香农多样性指数,降低了辛普森指数;在门水平上降低了Bacteroidetes菌群丰度,提高了FirmicutesActinobacteria丰度;在属水平上仅提高了Prevotella丰度。【结论】通过开食料对犊牛补饲0.3%含油率为15%的包被肉桂醛对哺乳期及断奶后的生长性能没有影响,但降低了腹泻率,显著提高了断奶犊牛瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸浓度并降低了乙酸/丙酸比例,提高了瘤胃细菌菌群多样性和FirmicutesPrevotella菌丰度,表明日粮中添加0.3%的包被肉桂醛对犊牛生长性能无负作用,但可改变瘤胃微生物区系并调控瘤胃发酵模式。
关键词: 肉桂醛;生长性能;腹泻;瘤胃发酵;奶牛公犊

Abstract
【Objective】this study was conducted to research effects of addition of cinnamaldehyde in calf starter on growth performance, health status, rumen fermentation and microflora of calves, so as to provide theoretical basis for applying cinnamaldehyde in calf cultivation. 【Method】Twenty-four healthy Holstein male calves at the age of around 15 days, with similar body weight, were selected, and were divided into control group and experiment group, with three replicates in each group and four calve in each replicate. The control group were fed basic starter, while starter of experimental group was added with 0.3% encapsulated cinnamaldehyde which contained 15% effective cinnamaldehyde. The weaning period contained 6 pre-trail period, and 27 days of formal trail period, both groups were fed same amount of milk, the starter and orts grass were given at libtium, and the ruminal fluid was taken by stomach tube at the end of weaning period. After weaned, the animals were kept for another 51 days with same feeding management mode, the ruminal fluid was taken at the end of the experiment. The feed intake, growth performance, body measurement, fence score and ruminal volatile fatty acids concentrations were measured during the two phase of the experiment, and the ruminal bacterial community composition was measured based on 16SrDNA gene high through put sequencing. 【Result】The results showed that: (1) In terms of feed intake and growth performance, there were no difference in average daily gain, dry matter intake and feed efficiency between experiment and control group at pre-weaning, post-weaning stage and whole experiment period (P>0.05), there were no differences in body measurements parameters between experiment and control group as well (P>0.05); 2) In terms of calf health status, the diarrhea rate of the experimental group was lower than that of the control group, but was not significant (P>0.05). 3) For the rumen fermentation parameters, the concentration of volatile fatty acids of rumen fluid in the experimental group on weaning day was tend to lower than that in the control group (P>0.05). At the end of the experiment, the concentration of volatile fatty acids, including acetate, propionate, butyrate and valerate of experimental group was significantly higher, while acetate/propionate ratio lower than that of control group (P<0.01); 4) At the end of experiment, cinnamaldehyde supplementation increased ruminal bacteria Shannon diversity index, decreased Simpson diversity index; addition of cinnamaldehyde increased abundance of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria at phylum and prevotella at genus level (P<0.01). 【Conclusion】The results showed that addition of 0.3% encapsulated cinnamaldehyde which contained 15% effective cinnamaldehyde had no influence on growth performance, but decreased diarrhea rate, increased ruminal volatile fatty acids concentration and decreased acetate/propionate ratio, increased ruminal bacterial community diversity, and abundance of Firmicutes and Prevotella, indicated addition of high amount of cinnamaldehyde had no adverse effects on calf growth performance, but changed ruminal bacterial community composition and ruminal fermentation mode.
Keywords:cinnamaldehyde;growth performance;diarrhea;rumen fermentation;dairy calves


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本文引用格式
杨云燕, 王其炎, 彭地纬, 潘一帆, 高晓梅, 宣泽义, 陈少梅, 邹彩霞, 曹艳红, 林波. 日粮添加肉桂醛对奶牛公犊生长、健康及瘤胃发酵性能的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(10): 2229-2238 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.10.018
YANG YunYan, WANG QiYan, PENG DiWei, PAN YiFan, GAO XiaoMei, XUAN ZeYi, CHEN ShaoMei, ZOU CaiXia, CAO YanHong, LIN Bo. Effects of Cinnamaldehyde on Growth Performance,Health Status, Rumen Fermentation and Microflora of Dairy Calves[J]. Scientia Acricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(10): 2229-2238 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.10.018


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0 引言

【研究意义】犊牛从出生到育成期需要经历由子宫内环境转变到外环境、由被动免疫到主动免疫、由液体饲料到固体饲料以及由化学消化到微生物消化的转变,在这些转变过程中都充满了风险和挑战[1]。犊牛的免疫力来自初乳获取的母源抗体,主动免疫尚未建立,因此对外界不良环境的抵抗力、适应性和调节体温的能力均较差[2],尤其在0至3周龄极易受到病菌的侵袭而引起胃肠道疾病造成发育受阻[3,4,5]。植物精油具有天然、多功能、无抗药性等性质逐渐成为理想的生长促进剂,开发新型绿色、安全、高效并减少犊牛腹泻的无抗饲料添加剂具有重要意义。【前人研究进展】美国国家动物健康监测系统(NAHMS)数据表明,10%的犊牛死亡和超过50%犊牛发病均与腹泻有关,24%的犊牛在出生后第一个月都有腹泻情况,断奶后犊牛因腹泻死亡率达1.8%—2.4%。肉桂醛是一种具有芳香味的抗细菌、真菌及球虫等微生物活性的醛类有机化合物[6,7,8,9,10],进入动物体内还具有抗氧化、刺激内源消化酶分泌及调控肠道微生态等功能[11]。肉桂醛作为一种高效抗菌物质,在幼龄单胃动物抗腹泻及成年反刍动物瘤胃发酵调控中发挥了良好作用,然而在幼龄反刍动物抗腹泻及瘤胃发酵调控中尚未研究报道。【本研究切入点】目前抗生素在犊牛腹泻预防和治疗中有较好的临床效果,然而抗生素容易产生犊牛抵抗力损伤及病原菌耐药性等问题,传统犊牛培育过程中添加适当抗生素预防犊牛腹泻是当下维持犊牛健康的常用方法,但在动物生产中使用抗生素对犊牛机体本身生长发育及抵抗外界自身的免疫所带来的负面影响将直接影响犊牛未来的发展[12]。【拟解决的关键问题】本试验旨在研究开食料中添加肉桂醛对哺乳期以及断奶后犊牛采食、生长性能、健康情况和瘤胃发酵及微生物区系的影响,为肉桂醛在犊牛培育中的应用提供数据支撑。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验动物与试验设计

本试验自2018年8—10月在南宁市江南区犊牛试验基地进行。试验选用出生平均15日龄、体重相接近、健康状况良好的荷斯坦公犊牛24头,采用完全随机分组设计分为2个组,试验组和对照组,每组3个重复,每个重复4头牛。本试验组与对照组采用相同全脂奶粉和犊牛开食料,试验组在基础开食料中添加 0.3%的包被肉桂醛,其中肉桂醛含率为15%,包被壁材为氢化植物油,包被工艺为冷却喷雾法,由湖南普菲克生物科技有限公司生产。试验期84 d,预饲期6 d,正试期包括27 d哺乳期及51 d断奶饲养期。

1.2 试验饲粮和饲养管理

试验开始每天8:30和17:00饲喂2次还原奶(全脂奶粉按1:7与水混合),饲喂量为:预饲期6天,8L/(头·d);正试期第1周,6L/(头·d);第2—3周,4L/(头·d),第4周,2L/(头·d),试验期第33天断奶。正试期开始后即添加开食料和燕麦草,分开放置,自由采食,自由饮水。开食料组成及营养水平见表1

Table 1
表1
表1开食料基础饲粮组成及营养水平(%,风干基础)
Table 1Composition and nutrition level of base diets for starters feed (%,air dry basis)
项目Items含量Content营养水平Nutritional ingredients含量Content
玉米Corn54.40干物质DM90.00
豆粕Soybean meal22.00粗蛋白质CP18.42
膨化大豆Expanded soybean5.00粗脂肪EE3.54
米糠粕Rice bran meal6.00粗灰分Ash10.00
玉米胚芽粕Corn germ meal4.00钙Ca1.09
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO42.50磷P0.87
氯化钠NaCl0.50
乳清粉Whey powder2.50
红糖Brown sugar2.50
预混料Premix0.60
合计Total100.00
每公斤预混料含:19 g MgSO4·H2O; 2.5 g FeSO4·7H2O; 0.8 g CuSO4·5H2O; 3 g MnSO4·H2O; 5 g ZnSO4·H2O; 10 mg Na2SeO3; 40 mg KI; 30 mg CoCl2·6H2O;VA 250 000 IU,VD3 30 000 IU,VE 800 IU
Each kg of the premix contained 19 g MgSO4·H2O; 2.5 g FeSO4·7H2O; 0.8 g CuSO4·5H2O; 3 g MnSO4·H2O; 5 g ZnSO4·H2O; 10 mg Na2SeO3; 40 mg KI; 30 mg CoCl2·6H2O;VA 250 000 IU,VD3 30 000 IU,VE 800 IU

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1.3 测定指标与方法

1.3.1 生长性能指标测定 本试验正试期开始每天记录犊牛还原奶和开食料采食量,每隔3d换料一次。分别于正试期第0天、第27天和第79天对犊牛晨饲前空腹逐一进行称重,记录犊牛初始重、断奶日体重和末重,计算哺乳期、断奶后和试验全期的干物质采食量(DMI)、平均日增重(ADG)、并计算饲料转化比(F/G)。1.3.2 体尺指标测定 本试验于正试期第0天、27天和第79天晨饲前空腹对犊牛使用测杖和卷尺逐一进行体尺测量,测量指标包括体高、体长、体斜长、胸围和管围,测量方法参考文献[13]进行。1.3.3 腹泻率和粪便评分 本试验于正试期开始7—14、14—21和21—28 d以及断奶后7—14 d、14—21 d、21—28 d和28—35 d每天早晨观察犊牛饲喂前后1 h试验牛的排便情况,根据Wisconsin大学犊牛健康评分表[14]的5分制粪便评分方法对犊牛粪便进行评分,评分≥3分的记为一次腹泻。1.3.4 瘤胃发酵指标的测定 本试验分别在正试期第39天和第78天,随机挑选试验组与对照组各7头犊牛,每个重复分别选取“2,2,3”头,晨饲前空腹通过胃管从口腔真空抽取瘤胃液,先弃去开始抽出来的50mL,随后抽取200mL瘤胃液,分2份样品装,每份分装在2个50mL的离心管中,一份置于-80℃冰箱保存用于测定瘤胃细菌区系,另一份置于-20℃冰箱采用气相色谱法测定挥发性脂肪酸(VFA),具体测定方法参考文献[15]方法。1.3.5 瘤胃细菌区系的测定 瘤胃液样本送成都生命基线科技有限公司进行基于Miseq PE300平台瘤胃微生物菌群组成分析,采用珠磨法从瘤胃液样本中提取基因组DNA后,用带有barcode的细菌通用引物扩增瘤胃菌群16SrDNA的V3+V4,通用引物为:338F(ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG)和806R(GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT),测序数据分析采用 QIIME 1.5 进行,经过去除接头污染、低复杂度以及低质量 reads 等质量控制后,对获得的序列(clean reads)进行拼接并去除引物,用于后继分析。序列分类操作单元(OTU)注释和聚类分析按照97% 相似度进行。OTU 聚类分析和注释通过与Ribosomal Database Project(RDP)数据库中的细菌序列比对进行,细菌聚类分析到门和属水平。

1.4 数据统计与处理

试验数据经WPS表格初步整理后,采用IMB SPSS Statistics19统计软件进行T检验显著性分析,结果以平均值和标准误的形式表示,P>0.05表示差异不显著,P<0.05表示差异显著,P<0.01表示差异极显著。

2 结果

2.1 肉桂醛对奶公犊日增重、干物质采食量和料重比的影响

表2可知,试验组的初始体重、末重、平均日增重、干物质采食量、料重比与对照组相比差异均不显著(P>0.05);试验全期,试验组与对照组各指标差异不显著(P>0.05)。在哺乳期阶段日增重方面,试验组日增重为0.39kg·d-1,对照组日增重为0.46kg·d-1,对照组较试验组高13.2%;在开食料干物质采食量中,试验组较对照组低9.09%,在饲料转化比方面,试验组较对照组低6.98%;断奶后试验组日增重为0.95kg·d-1,对照组日增重为1.01kg·d-1,对照组日增重高于试验组7.2%,试验组开食料干物质采食量较对照组提高了10.0%。

Table 2
表2
表2肉桂醛对奶公犊日增重、干物质采食量和饲料转化比的影响
Table 2Effects of cinnamaldehyde on daily gain, dry matter intake and feed efficiency of dairy calves
项目Items试验组Treatment group对照组Control groupSEMP
哺乳期Weaning period
初重IBW (kg)49.8551.963.170.513
日增重ADG (kg·d-1)0.390.460.070.315
开食料干物质采食量DMIS (kg·d-1)0.550.570.080.857
燕麦草干物质采食量DMIOG (kg·d-1)0.120.120.010.116
还原奶干物质采食量DMIMR (kg·d-1)0.390.390.001.000
饲料转化比(Feed/Gain)3.022.570.190.243
断奶后Post weaning
初重IBW (kg)64.9269.084.420.367
日增重ADG (kg·d-1)0.951.010.090.532
开食料干物质采食量DMIS (kg·d-1)2.312.180.350.519
燕麦草干物质采食量DMIOG (kg·d-1)0.230.240.040.574
饲料转化比(Feed/Gain)2.672.400.140.062
试验全期Whole experiment period
末重FBW (kg)104.0110.57.520.401
日增重ADG (kg·d-1)0.690.750.080.417
开食料干物质采食量DMIS (kg·d-1)1.521.420.130.523
燕麦草干物质采食量DMIOG (kg·d-1)0.180.180.000.055
还原奶干物质采食量DMIMR (kg·d-1)0.180.180.001.000
饲料转化比(Feed/Gain)2.722.370.290.083
IBW:Initial body weight; FBW: Final body weight; ADG:Average daily gain; DMIOG:Dry matter intake of oats grass; DMIS: Dry matter intake of starter; DMIMR: Dry matter intake of milk replacer

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2.2 肉桂醛对奶牛公犊体尺增长量的影响

表3可见,在试验组与对照组体尺指标中,各阶段对照组体尺指标略高于试验组,然而,两组试验犊牛在试验初与断奶后的体尺指标均差异不显著(P>0.05);试验末,除试验组体长显著低于对照组外(P<0.05),其他各体尺指标在均差异不显著(P>0.05)。

Table 3
表3
表3肉桂醛对奶公犊各阶段体尺增长情况的影响
Table 3Effect of cinnamaldehyde on body size growth of dairy calves
项目Items试验组Treatment group对照组Control groupSEMP
试验初Initial experiment
体高Body height(cm)81.2581.201.320.975
体长Body length(cm)65.1566.31.700.495
体斜长Body oblique length(cm)75.6077.501.780.308
胸围Chest circumference(cm)85.3588.001.600.114
管围Cannon circumference(cm)11.7011.500.250.387
断奶日Weaning Age
体高Body height(cm)86.6087.701.710.525
体长Body length(cm)75.0578.051.650.088
体斜长Body oblique length(cm)82.6084.001.940.477
胸围(cm) Chest circumference93.9597.602.540.169
管围(cm) Cannon circumference12.1912.100.280.838
试验末End of experiment
体高Body height(cm)94.8596.251.850.458
体长Body length(cm)88.10b93.67a2.530.038
体斜长Body oblique length(cm)94.60101.22.920.069
胸围Chest circumference(cm)111.6113.12.320.279
管围Cannon circumference(cm)13.8713.670.300.512

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2.3 肉桂醛对奶公犊腹泻率、粪便评分的影响

表4可知在哺乳期,试验组犊牛在3周内的腹泻率均低于对照组;断奶后第一周,试验组腹泻率为7.69%,高于对照组的4.74%(P>0.05);试验组在断奶后2—4周的腹泻率逐渐降低,且均低于对照组;然而整个试验期间,试验组腹泻率虽低于对照组,两组间腹泻率差异不显著(P>0.05);在犊牛粪便评分方面,试验组犊牛在哺乳期第2周和断奶后第4周的粪便评分显著低于对照组(P<0.01),其余各周有低于对照组的趋势,但与对照组无显著差异。

Table 4
表4
表4肉桂醛对奶公犊腹泻率(%)和粪便评分的影响
Table 4Effects of cinnamaldehyde on diarrhea rate (%) and feces score in dairy calves
项目
Items
腹泻率 Diarrhea rate粪便评分Feces scores
试验组 Treatment group对照组
Control group
SEMP试验组 Treatment group对照组
Control group
SEMP
哺乳期Weanning period
第7-14天 Day 7-145.947.122.790.6671.52b1.94a0.05<0.001
第14-21天 Day 14-215.495.942.800.8761.591.560.080.748
第21-28天 Day 14-284.399.523.150.1271.681.690.110.893
断奶后 Post weaning
第7-14天 Day 7-147.694.742.520.2611.711.660.090.892
第14-21天 Day 14-214.398.333.040.2171.531.860.130.259
第21-28天 Day 14-283.904.742.150.7021.43b1.7a0.110.008
第28-35天 Day 28-352.603.562.050.6481.461.530.060.546
不同字母间表示在 P<0.05 水平差异显著。下同
There are significant differences at P<0.05 between different letters. The same as below

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2.4 肉桂醛对奶公犊瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸组成及细菌区系的影响

表5可知在断奶后初期,试验组各挥发性脂肪酸的含量均低于对照组,各指标差异不显著(P<0.05);在试验末期,试验组在乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸和总挥发性脂肪酸含量极显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。由表6可知,试验组瘤胃菌群的香农指数显著高于对照组(P<0.01),而辛普森指数和Chao1指数均低于对照组(P<0.05)。试验组与对照组瘤胃细菌在门水平的丰度存在差异,对照组中的主要优势菌门为拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),试验组中的主要优势菌门为拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria),对照组中的拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)丰度显著高于试验组(P<0.05),而试验组中的蓝藻菌门(Cyanobacteria,P<0.05)、厚壁菌门和放线菌门丰度显著高于对照组(P>0.05)。试验组与对照组瘤胃细菌在属水平的各菌群丰度差异不显著(P>0.05),但试验组普雷沃氏菌属(Prevotella)高于对照组。

Table 5
表5
表5肉桂醛对奶公犊瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸组成的影响
Table 5Effect of Cinnamaldehyde on rumen fermentation of dairy calves(mmol·L-1
项目Items试验组Treatment group对照组 Control groupSEMP
断奶日 Weaning day
乙酸Acetic acid20.9423.242.880.447
丙酸Propionic acid16.2818.492.920.463
丁酸Butyric acid3.183.590.540.652
戊酸Valeric acid1.411.560.240.524
异丁酸Iso-Butyric acid0.380.460.050.237
异戊酸Iso-valeric acid0.520.640.090.234
乙酸/丙酸Acetate/Propionate1.311.280.070.682
总挥发性脂肪酸Toal VFA42.7348.006.450.431
试验末 end of experiment
乙酸Acetic acid39.3326.913.180.001
丙酸Propionic acid31.8017.624.160.001
丁酸Butyric acid7.963.940.980.001
戊酸Valeric acid2.481.590.280.001
异丁酸Iso-Butyric acid0.580.570.120.923
异戊酸Iso-valeric acid0.750.810.120.794
乙酸/丙酸Acetate/Propionate1.341.570.210.293
总挥发性脂肪酸Toal VFA82.9251.637.40<0.0001

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Table 6
表6
表6肉桂醛对奶公犊瘤胃细菌门水平和属水平主要菌群组成的影响
Table 6Effect of Cinnamaldehyde on rumen bacteria community at both Phylum and genus levels of dairy calves (%)
项目Items试验组Treatment group对照组Control groupSEMP
多样性指数Diversity indices
香农指数Shannon index5.72a4.560.46<0.001
辛普森指数Simpson index0.93a0.870.03<0.001
chao1 index731.1b781.4a15.320.004
门水平Phylum level
拟杆菌门Bacteroidetes29.38b48.21a7.510.037
厚壁菌门Firmicutes46.6037.095.430.118
放线菌门Actinobacteria20.157.309.410.209
变形杆菌门Proteobacteria2.596.243.520.330
蓝藻菌门Cyanobacteria0.29a0.05b0.090.027
属水平Genus level
普雷沃氏菌属Prevotella48.9541.606.820.309
琥珀酸菌属Succiniclasticum9.088.692.290.871
欧氏菌属Olsenella7.8011.316.580.627
毛螺旋菌属LachnosPiraceae6.557.052.430.842
醋酸弧菌属Acetivibrio3.244.090.810.323
假丁酸菌属Oribacterium2.032.720.910.468
双歧杆菌属Bifidobacterium1.831.111.170.555
不同字母间表示在P<0.05 水平差异显著。下同
There are significant differences at P<0.05 between different letters. The same as below

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3 讨论

3.1 肉桂醛对奶公犊生长性能的影响

本试验根据干物质采食量进行阶段性断奶,试验全期,试验组与对照组犊牛生长各指标差异不显著(P>0.05),然而肉桂醛对断奶后奶公犊采食量有提高的趋势,但并未提高日增重,降低饲料转化比表明肉桂醛可能降低了试验组饲料消化率。此外,试验组在试验末的体长显著低于对照组,而体高、体斜长、胸围和管围等指标在断奶日和试验结束日均略低于对照组,表明0.3%肉桂醛添加影响了犊牛体尺发育。MORIEL[16]等在犊牛断奶后日粮中添加肉桂醛的试验中表明肉桂醛对犊牛生长没有显著影响,其结果与本试验结果一致。有研究报道,添加肉桂醛对生长育肥牛的日增重和饲料效率的影响很小[17],但在日粮中添加肉桂醛会有提高生长育肥牛干物质采食量的效果,其效果与添加量呈正相关。然而以上研究均是以肉桂醛的形式之间添加,而对包埋形式下的肉桂醛研究还比较少,本研究以氢化植物油为壁材,采用冷却喷雾法制作了含油率为15%的包被肉桂醛,因此本研究中0.3%的包埋肉桂油相当于在开食料中添加了0.45—1.5g/头/d的添加量,相比其它成年牛试验中0.5—1g/头/d的添加水平为目前报道的最高添加水平,结果表明0.3%的添加量在数值上有提高犊牛开食料采食量的趋势,但对生长速度有不良的影响,因此是否存在既可提供犊牛开食料采食量又可提高犊牛增重速度的适宜添加量尚有待研究。

3.2 肉桂醛对奶公犊腹泻率和粪便评分的影响

犊牛出生后面临外界充满各种病原体的新环境后,胃肠道的不成熟使新生犊牛容易发生腹泻,通过犊牛腹泻情况和粪便评分可以有效地了解犊牛营养情况和健康状况[18],肉桂醛作为肉桂精油的主要成分,具有防腐杀菌、抗病毒、增强胃肠道蠕动的功能,特别是对引起动物腹泻的病菌诸如致病性大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和志贺氏菌以及球虫等均有较强的杀灭作用,是目前发现抑菌活性最强的精油活性成分之一[19,20]。以前较多的研究主要集中在应用肉桂醛来调控瘤胃发酵,提高瘤胃丙酸比例并降低甲烷产生方面,而对肉桂醛防腹泻的研究还较少。本试验结果显示,肉桂醛组奶公犊腹泻率与对照组虽然差异不显著,但是除断奶后7—14 d外,试验组的腹泻率均低于对照组,表明肉桂醛有降低腹泻率的趋势。断奶后7—14 d肉桂醛组腹泻率升高的原因可能与初期肉桂醛大量摄入可能抑制了瘤胃微生物,导致养分进入后肠道不完全消化有关,而随着时间的延长,瘤胃微生物区系对肉桂醛产生了适应性,进而腹泻率逐渐降低[21]。周明[10]等研究表明在饲粮中添加600 mg·kg-1肉桂醛制剂可替代抗生素金霉素和杆菌肽锌,预防和控制保育猪的腹泻,提高饲料转化率。然而,目前尚未报道犊牛开食料中添加肉桂醛对犊牛腹泻影响的研究,本研究添加的肉桂醛经氢化植物油包被,而有研究表明氢化植物油包埋芯材后具有较好的过瘤胃效率[22]。因此,本研究中的包埋肉桂醛避免了肉桂醛的挥发性气味对犊牛采食影响,同时减少了肉桂醛在瘤胃内对瘤胃微生物的抑制作用。本研究在开食料中添加了相当于0.45—1.5g/头/d的高量肉桂醛对试验组犊牛腹泻的抑制作用不明显,进一步表明母源抗体水平对犊牛腹泻抑制的重要性[23]

3.3 肉桂醛对奶公犊瘤胃发酵和细菌区系的影响

犊牛瘤胃微生物区系随着日粮和犊牛健康状况而改变,肉桂醛对犊牛瘤胃发酵作用源自肉桂醛通过抑制选定的瘤胃微生物来改变瘤胃发酵,从而提高动物的生长性能和饲料效率。本试验犊牛开食料添加0.3%的氢化植物油包被肉桂醛后,断奶日试验组瘤胃各挥发性脂肪酸的浓度低于对照组,但差异不显著,这与两组在哺乳期间干物质采食量无差异有关,也与哺乳期间二者均主要以牛奶为主要养分来源,开食料为辅助养分来源有关。此外,本结果与CHAVES[24]等报道在饲料中添加200 mg·kg-1肉桂醛对羔羊瘤胃总挥发性脂肪酸没有影响一致,李艳玲[25]等通过体外产气试验研究不同植物精油对体外瘤胃发酵的影响,试验结果显示不同浓度(50、100、200和400 mg·L-1)的肉桂醛对体外发酵液总VFA浓度也没有显著影响。然而,在本试验末期,试验组在乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸和总挥发性脂肪酸含量均极显著高于对照组,表明本研究添加的包被肉桂醛虽具有过瘤胃能力,但也可能有少量在瘤胃内释放,进而影响了瘤胃微生物区系。较多研究表明,肉桂醛的对瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸的影响与其添加浓度有关,体外条件下,高浓度肉桂醛会抑制瘤胃发酵,降低挥发性脂肪酸浓度,适宜的浓度则有提高丙酸浓度,从而调控瘤胃发酵模式的功能[26,27,28],本研究中犊牛每天摄入约0.45—1.5g/头/d的包埋肉桂醛组,虽然浓度较高,但也提高了断奶后期犊牛瘤胃丙酸和总挥发性脂肪酸浓度,降低了乙酸/丙酸比例,起到了较好的瘤胃发酵调控作用,表明包被降低了肉桂醛在瘤胃中释放,而少量释放的肉桂醛对瘤胃发酵的调控起到了积极作用[29]

挥发性脂肪酸是瘤胃微生物的发酵终产物,本研究中瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸浓度和组成的变化表明添加肉桂醛影响了瘤胃微生物区系组成,特别是肉桂醛组提高了瘤胃菌群的香农指数,降低了辛普森指数表明肉桂醛提高了瘤胃菌群的多样性,有研究表明消化道微生态的多样性是维持消化道健康的基础,因此肉桂醛可能对瘤胃微生态区系起到了良好的调控作用。本研究结果表明,开食料添加肉桂醛,在门水平上降低了拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)丰度,提高了厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),特别是放线菌门(Actinobacteria,20.15% vs 7.3%)的丰度,但仅在属水平上有提高普雷沃氏菌属(Prevotella)菌群的趋势。放线菌(Actinobacteria)是一类革兰氏阳性细菌,该菌群在肉桂醛添加组丰度的提高与瘤胃丙酸浓度的升高趋势一致,表明该菌群可能与肉桂醛组的丙酸生成高度相关。肉桂醛组Firmicutes和Prevotella丰度的增加可能与肉桂醛组挥发性脂肪酸浓度增加有关,较多研究表明消化道内高丰度的Firmicutes有利于碳水化合物的高效消化分解[30];此外,普雷沃氏菌属是瘤胃内的多功能菌群,在淀粉、蛋白和纤维降解中均发挥了重要作用[31],因此该两类菌群丰度的增加可能对维持肉桂醛组瘤胃内高浓度挥发性脂肪酸具有重要意义。

4 结论

本研究在犊牛开食料中添加0.3%含油率15%的包被肉桂醛后,在哺乳期和断奶后肉桂醛对犊牛日增重、干物质采食量和料重比方面没有显著影响,肉桂醛降低了哺乳期犊牛腹泻率,显著提高了断奶后犊牛瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸浓度,同时提高瘤胃菌群多样性。本研究在开食料中犊牛摄入量肉桂醛(0.45—1.5g/头/d),虽降低了腹泻率并改变了瘤胃发酵模式,但影响了日增重,因此最优添加浓度尚有待进一步研究。

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