Effects of tillage depth on soil hydrological characteristics and potato yield on northwest Loess Plateau
ZHANG Xu-Cheng,*, MA Yi-Fan, YU Xian-Feng, HOU Hui-Zhi, WANG Hong-Li, FANG Yan-Jie, ZHANG Guo-Ping, LEI Kang-NingInstitute of Dry Land Farming, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of High Water Utilization on Dryland of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
National Key Research and Development Program of China.2018YFD020080105 National Natural Science Foundation of China.31960398 National Natural Science Foundation of China.31560355
Abstract The subsoiling can break the plough pan and optimize soil hydrological characteristics. However, the study on the effects of tillage depths on soil water characteristics, potato water consumption and yield, is insufficient. The field experiment was conducted with three tillage depths of 15 cm (TT), 40 cm (VRT), and 60 cm (VRT6), to investigate the effect of tillage depths on the yield and water utilization of potato in semiarid rain-fed area in 2016 and 2017 on northwest Loess Plateau. The parameters of soil bulk density, soil hydrological properties, potato SPAD (soil and plant analyzer development) value, leaf area index (LAI), and tuber yield were measured. The soil bulk density, and increased saturation moisture, capillary moisture and field water capacity of VRT6 treatment compared with VRT and TT were decreased in 40-60 cm and 0-60 cm profile, respectively. Water consumption of VRT6 treatment was significantly increased in pre-squaring stage, resulting in the decrement of soil water storage in 0-100 cm profile by 22.3 mm and 49.0 mm in 2016, and 43.9 mm and 56.6 mm in 2017. Water consumption in pre-squaring stage of VRT6 was significantly increased by 42.2 mm and 38.3 mm compared with VRT and TT treatment in 2017, respectively. Based on the excessive water consumption in pre-flowering period, the LAI of VRT6 was significantly higher than TT in whole growth period, than VRT in post-squaring period, and the SPAD value was higher than VRT in expanding stage in 2017, which indicated that the vigorous growth was subsistent in VRT6 treatment. The tuber yield of VRT6 were significantly higher than TT, but it significantly decreased in 2017 compared to VRT, and the water use efficiency (WUE) of VRT6 were significantly decreased by 61.2%-67.5% and 41.0%-53.5%, as compared with VRT and TT. Consequently, the suitable tillage depth for potato cultivation was 40 cm in semiarid area, which could optimize the soil hydrological properties and potato water consuming process, and relieved the drought stress efficiently, resulting in significantly higher tuber yield and WUE. Keywords:tillage depths;soil hydrological properties;periodical water consumption;tuber yield;water use efficiency;potato
PDF (753KB)元数据多维度评价相关文章导出EndNote|Ris|Bibtex收藏本文 本文引用格式 张绪成, 马一凡, 于显枫, 侯慧芝, 王红丽, 方彦杰, 张国平, 雷康宁. 旋耕深度对西北黄土高原旱作区土壤水分特性和马铃薯产量的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2021, 47(1): 138-148. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.04065 ZHANG Xu-Cheng, MA Yi-Fan, YU Xian-Feng, HOU Hui-Zhi, WANG Hong-Li, FANG Yan-Jie, ZHANG Guo-Ping, LEI Kang-Ning. Effects of tillage depth on soil hydrological characteristics and potato yield on northwest Loess Plateau[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2021, 47(1): 138-148. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.04065
试验于2016—2017年在甘肃省农业科学院定西试验站(甘肃省定西市安定区团结镇唐家堡村, 104°36′E, 35°35′N)进行。该区属于典型的半干旱雨养农业区, 也是我国优质马铃薯主产区之一。区域多年平均降水为415 mm, 年平均蒸发量高达1500 mm, 春季低温少雨, 降水主要集中在秋季, 7月至9月份降水平均占全年总量的65%。试区属中温带半干旱气候, 海拔高度为1970 m, 作物一年一熟; 多年平均气温6.2℃, ≥10℃积温2075.1℃, 无霜期140 d, 为典型的寒旱农业区; 光照充足, 多年平均日照时数为2500 h, 年总辐射量达5898 MJ m-2。试验区土壤属于黄绵土, 土层厚度达50 m以上。土质相对疏松, 0~30 cm土层平均容重1.25 g cm-3, 田间持水量和凋萎系数分别为21.18%和7.2%, 土壤质量较差, 有机质含量在10 g kg-1左右。
2016年马铃薯生育期内降水量为179.3 mm, 全年降水量为289.3 mm, 分别占多年平均的68.7%和55.2%, 属严重干旱年份; 2016年平均气温为7.5℃, 较多年平均增加了1.3℃, 因此, 该年为干旱和高温年份, 对马铃薯生产有不利影响。2017年马铃薯生育期内降水量为353.5 mm, 全年降水量为430.3 mm, 属于平水年, 但2年均在马铃薯盛花期发生持续干旱, 季节分配不均(图1); 2017年气温与多年平均温度基本持平。2年的降水和气温有明显不同, 对马铃薯的生长造成了较明显的影响。
Fig. 1Variation of precipitation and average air temperature in experimental plots from 2016 to 2017
1.2 试验设计
试验采用随机区组设计, 设置3个旋耕深度, 即传统旋耕15 cm (traditional rotary tillage, TT)、立式深旋松耕40 cm (vertically rotary sub-soiling tillage, VRT)和立式深旋松耕60 cm (VRT6) 3个处理, 均在2016和2017年的3月中旬机械耕作。耕作后即施肥、起垄和覆盖地膜。每处理3次重复, 小区面积6 m × 10 m = 60 m2。采用全膜覆盖垄上微沟种植方法(图2), 大垄宽为60 cm, 大沟宽为40 cm, 在大垄上开微沟, 微沟宽度为20 cm, 微沟内每50 cm打孔以确保降水入渗。马铃薯在垄顶部按“品”字形种植, 种植密度60,000穴 hm-2, 每穴种植1株。2016年和2017年均在4月20日播种, 2016年9月上旬收获, 2017年10月上旬收获。土壤水分均在微沟内取样。
TT: 传统旋耕15 cm; VRT: 立式深旋松耕40 cm; VRT6: 立式深旋松耕60 cm。在同一土层标记不同小写字母表示处理间在0.05水平差异显著。 Fig. 3Effects of different tillage depths on soil bulk density
TT: traditional votary tillage at 15 cm soil depth; VRT: vertically rotary tillage at 40 cm depth; VRT6: vertically rotary tillage at 60 cm depth. The bars with different lowercase letters in the same soil depth mean significant difference among treatments at the 0.05 probability level.
图a、b、c和e、d、f分别为2016年和2017年的土壤饱和含水量、毛管含水量和田间持水量。在同一土层标记不同小写字母表示处理间在0.05水平差异显著。处理同图3。 Fig. 4Effects of different tillage depths on soil saturation moisture, capillary moisture, and field water capacity
a, b, c and e, d, f indicate the soil saturation moisture, capillary moisture and field water capacity in 2016 and 2017, respectively. Bars with different lowercase letters in the same soil depth mean significant difference among treatments at the 0.05 probability level. Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 3.
2.3 不同旋耕深度对土壤贮水量的影响
2016年播前, VRT6在0~60 cm、VRT在0~40 cm土层的土壤贮水量较TT分别增加了12.0 mm和12.7 mm, VRT6在40~60 cm土层的土壤贮水量较VRT增加了2.8 mm, 均达到显著差异(图5-a), 现蕾期VRT6和VRT的土壤贮水量在0~20 cm土层无显著差异, 但显著高于TT, 且VRT6在160~200 cm土层显著低于VRT和TT (图5-b); 在盛花期的20~100 cm土层, VRT6较VRT下降了18.2 mm; 在20~140 cm土层, VRT6和VRT较TT分别下降了61.0 mm和39.7 mm, 均达到显著差异(图5-c)。在收获期的80~200 cm土层, VRT6的土壤贮水量较VRT和TT分别降低了47.0 mm和98.3 mm; 在100~200 cm土层, VRT较TT下降了51.7 mm, 均达到显著差异(图5-d)。2017年播前, VRT6在0~100 cm土层土壤贮水量较VRT和TT分别下降了59.6 mm和34.7 mm, 而VRT较TT在40~120 cm土层增加了39.2 mm, 但TT在160~200 cm土层较VRT6和VRT分别增加了20.0 mm和12.3 mm (图5-e), 均达到显著差异。在现蕾期, VRT6在0~120 cm土层的土壤贮水量较TT下降了66.1 mm, 并在各层次达到显著差异; 在0~100 cm土层较VRT下降了55.3 mm, 各层次差异显著; 在0~140 cm土层, 3个处理无显著差异(图5-f); 在盛花期, VRT6分别在0~60 cm较VRT、0~80 cm土层较TT下降了43.9 mm和65.3 mm, 各层次均达到显著差异水平; 但在120~200 cm土层, VRT6较VRT显著增加了24.5 mm, 较TT增加了15.6 mm, 且在140~160、180~200 cm土层达到显著差异(图5-g)。在收获期, VRT6在0~120 cm较VRT和TT分别显著下降了103.4 mm和115.6 mm, 在各土层均达到显著差异, 但VRT和TT之间无差异; 在140~180 cm土层, VRT6显著高于VRT, 但和TT之间差异不明显; 其他层次3个处理无显著差异(图5-h)。
图a, b, c, d和e, f, g, h分别为2016年和2017年的播前、现蕾期、盛花期和收获期。处理同图3。 Fig. 5Effects of different tillage depths on profile soil water storage
a, b, c, d and e, f, g, h indicate the pre-sowing stage, squaring stage, flowering stage and harvesting stage in 2016 and 2017, respectively. Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 3.
图柱为阶段耗水量, 图线为阶段降水量。标以不同小写字母表示处理间在0.05水平差异显著。处理同图3。 Fig. 6Effects of different tillage depths on periodical evapotranspiration of potato
The bar represents the periodical evapotranspiration, the line represents the periodical precipitation. The bar with different lowercase letters mean significant difference among treatments at the 0.05 probability level. Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 3.
标以不同小写字母表示处理间在0.05水平差异显著。处理同图3。 Fig. 7Effects of different tillage depths on leaf SPAD value and leaf area index of potato
The bar with different lowercase letters mean significant difference among treatments at the 0.05 probability level. Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 3.
Table 1 表1 表1不同旋耕深度对马铃薯产量、耗水量和水分利用效率的影响 Table 1Effects of different tillage depths on tuber yield, evapotranspiration, and water use efficiency of potato
年份 Year
处理 Treatment
产量 Yield (kg hm-2)
耗水量 ET (mm)
水分利用效率 WUE (kg hm-2 mm-1)
2016
TT
22,253.3 b
240.1 c
92.6 b
VRT
32,897.3 a
297.8 b
110.6 a
VRT6
33,363.0 a
371.4 a
36.0 c
2017
TT
30,388.9 c
309.0 c
98.6 b
VRT
42,833.3 a
344.0 b
124.9 a
VRT6
36,257.7 b
410.1 a
58.1 c
在相同年份标记不同小写字母表示处理间在0.05水平差异显著。处理同图3。 The data in same year with different lowercase letters mean significant difference among treatments at the 0.05 probability level. Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 3. ET: evapotranspiration; WUE: water use efficiency.
ZhaiZ, Li YY, Pang HC, WangJ, ZhangL, Dong GH, Guo JJ, Guo ZH. Study on present situation and characteristics of plow pan in the northern region of Huang Huai Hai plain Sci Agric Sin, 2016,49:2322-2332 (in Chinese with English abstract). [本文引用: 1]
Wang HJ, Hao JP, Feng RY, NanY, Yang SQ, Nan JF. Microhole subsoiling decreasing soil compaction, and improving yield and seed quality of cotton Trans CSAE, 2015,31(8):7-14 (in Chinese with English abstract). [本文引用: 1]
Ji XY, Wang LP, Shen CX. The investigation and analysis for the effect of continuously rotary tillage on wheat development and yield under rain-fed J Seed Ind Guide, 2010, (8):15-16 (in Chinese with English abstract). [本文引用: 1]
Hua WD, Guo YF, Zhang ZX. Influence of plough pan on broke partially slope farmland to moisture content infiltration J Soil Water Conserv, 2008,22(5):213-216. (in Chinese with English abstract). [本文引用: 1]
Xie JH, Zhang RZ, Li LL, Luo ZZ, Cai LQ, ChaiQ. Effect of different tillage practice on rain-fed maize yield and soil water/temperature characteristics in the Loess Plateau Chin J Eco-Agric, 2015,23:1384-1393 (in Chinese with English abstract). [本文引用: 1]
Huang GB, Zhang RZ, Li GD, Li LL, Chan KY, Heenan DP, ChenW, Unkovich MJ, Robertson MJ, Cullis BR, Bellotti WD. Productivity and sustainability of a spring wheat-field pea rotation in a semiarid environment under conventional and conservation tillage systems Field Crops Res, 2008,107:43-55. [本文引用: 1]
ShiL, Xu MX, Dong LR, Shi CD, Qiu YJ. Evaluation of soil physical obstacles on cropland in Shaanxi Province Agric Res Arid Areas, 2016,34(3):46-53 (in Chinese with English abstract). [本文引用: 1]
Tian SZ, WangY, Ning TY, Dong XX, DongL, Zheng DF, Guo HH. Effect of tillage method changes on soil organic carbon pool in farmland under long-term rotary tillage and no tillage Trans CSAE, 2016,32(17):98-105 (in Chinese with English abstract). [本文引用: 1]
Wang HG, Yu ZW, Zhang YL, ShiY, WangD. Effects of tillage regimes on water consumption and dry matter accumulation in dryland wheat Acta Agron Sin, 2012,38:675-682 (in Chinese with English abstract). [本文引用: 1]
Tian SZ, WangY, Ning TY, LiN, Zhao HX, Wang BW, Li ZJ, Chi SY. Continued no-till and subsoiling improved soil organic carbon and soil aggregation levels Agron J, 2014,106:212-218. [本文引用: 2]
LiuD, ZhangX, LiJ, Wang XD. Effects of different tillage patterns on soil properties, maize yield and water use efficiency in Weibei Highland, China Chin J Appl Ecol, 2018,29:573-582 (in Chinese with English abstract). [本文引用: 2]
Hou HZ, WangJ, Zhang XC, Fang YJ, Yu XF, Wang HL, Ma YF. Effects of mini-ditch planting with plastic mulching in ridges on soil water content, temperature and potato yield in rain-fed semiarid region Acta Agron Sin, 2015,41:1582-1590 (in Chinese with English abstract). [本文引用: 3]
People. CN-Gansu. The potato cultivation area reaches to 10000 thousands mu in 2017 (2018-05-29)[2017-09-28] http://gs.people.com.cn/n2/2017/0928/c183348-30788332.html. (in Chinese). URL [本文引用: 1]
Ministry ofAgriculture. The nationwide plant area and yield of vegetable, watermelon, melon, strawberry, potato in 2015 China Veget, 2017,1(1):18 (in Chinese). [本文引用: 1]
LyuW, LiJ, Yue ZF, Chen NN, Wang SL. Effects of rotational tillage on soil organic matter and soil total nitrogen contents of continuous cropping wheat field in Weibei highland Sci Agric Sin, 2015,48:3186-3200. (in Chinese with English abstract). [本文引用: 1]
Zheng CY, Cui SM, WangD, Yu ZW, Zhang YL, ShiY. Effects of soil tillage practice on dry matter production and water use efficiency in wheat Acta Agron Sin, 2011,37:1432-1440 (in Chinese with English abstract). [本文引用: 1]
Wei BH, Gan XQ, Shen ZY, Ning XC, Lu LY, Wei GB, Li YY, HuB, LiuB, Wu YY. Yield increase of smash-ridging cultivation of sugarcane Sci Agric Sin, 2011,44:4544-4550 (in Chinese with English abstract). [本文引用: 2]
Wei BH, Gan XQ, Shen ZY, Ning XC, Wei GP, Lu LY, HuB, LiuB, Li YY, Wu YY. Production increasing and discussion in theory of smash-ridging cultivate cassava Chin Agric Sci Bull, 2011,27(21):78-81 (in Chinese with English abstract). [本文引用: 2]
LiH, Pang HC, Ren TZ, Li YB, WangR, Niu SW, An JW. Effects of deep rotary-subsoiling tillage method on brown physical properties and maize growth in northeast of China Sci Agric Sin, 2013,46:647-656 (in Chinese with English abstract). [本文引用: 3]
Zhai LC, XuP, Zhang ZB, Li SK, Xie RZ, Zhai LF, Wei BH. Effects of deep vertical rotary tillage on dry matter accumulation and grain yield of summer maize in the Huang-Huai-Hai plain of China Soil Tillage Res, 2017,170:167-174. [本文引用: 3]
Li YB, Pang HC, YangX, Li YY, LiH, Ren TZ, Dong GH, Guo LH. Effects of deep vertically rotary tillage on soil water and water use efficiency in northern China’s Huang-Huai-Hai Region Acta Ecol Sin, 2013,33:7478-7486 (in Chinese with English abstract). [本文引用: 1]
Zhang XC, Ma YF, Yu XF, Hou HZ, Wang HL, Fang YJ. Effects of vertically rotary sub-soiling tillage on water utilization and yield of potato in semiarid area of northwest China Chin J Appl Ecol, 2018,29:3293-3301 (in Chinese with English abstract). [本文引用: 3]
Zhang XC, Ma YF, Yu XF, Hou HZ, Wang HL, Fang YJ. Effects of vertical rotary subsoiling with plastic mulching on soil water availability and potato yield on a semiarid Loess plateau, China Soil Tillage Res, 2020,199:104591. [本文引用: 3]
FengY, Zhang YX, Wang CL, Zhang JH, Bao E R DG, ZhengW, Ji XB. A influence of different subsoiling depth on corn root activity and output J Inner Mongo Univ (Nat Sci Edn), 2013,28(2):196-199 (in Chinese with English abstract). [本文引用: 2]
Gao JS, Dong GH, Guo JJ, Guo LH, Guo ZH, Cui HN. Effects of topsoil thickness on agronomic trait and yield of winter wheat Shandong Agric Sci, 2018,50(8):54-57 (in Chinese with English abstract). [本文引用: 2]
ZhangL, ZhaiZ, PangB, Li YY, WangJ, Pang HC, Wei BH, Wang QW, Qi SW. Deep vertically rotary tillage improves soil structure and tuber yield of potato Soil Fert Sci China, 2017, (4):17-23 (in Chinese with English abstract). [本文引用: 1]
Zhang FS, Fan MS. The Theoretic Research on High Yield and Resource Utilization Cultivation of Main Food Crops. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2013. pp 572-578(in Chinese). [本文引用: 1]
Zhang CJ, Feng NJ, Li JY, Zheng DF. Effects of plant growth substances on the metabolism assimilation of leaves, yield and quality in potato Chin Potato J, 2009,23:325-328 (in Chinese with English abstract). [本文引用: 1]