摘要/Abstract
气凝胶是一类兼具重要科学研究意义和巨大工程化应用价值的纳米多孔材料, 其制备过程涉及溶胶-凝胶化学转变、结构调控、界面张力消除等基础科学问题, 在理化性能方面同时具有超低密度和超低热导率特性, 是一类理想的轻量化超级隔热保温材料, 在航空航天、交通运输等对重量要求严苛的应用领域极具吸引力. 此外, 得益于气凝胶的高比表面积、高孔隙率、连续开孔等结构特征, 其在吸附、催化、药物载体、能源和环境修复等领域也具有重要应用潜力. 因此, 近年来气凝胶及其应用获得国内外学术和产业界的极大研究兴趣. 本综述调研了自气凝胶首次报道以来相关文献与知识产权的概况, 而后以制备方法、气凝胶种类、维度结构设计、新型应用为轴, 系统概括了气凝胶的制备方法, 新型气凝胶的种类, 以维度为特色的气凝胶材料, 以及气凝胶的独特应用. 如近五年来涌现的新型超分子气凝胶、智能响应气凝胶、气凝胶纤维、气凝胶的增材制造等, 都在一定程度上颠覆了传统材料、突破了传统制备方法的局限. 最后对气凝胶近年来的发展做了简要总结和展望.
关键词: 气凝胶, 干燥方法, 维度结构设计, 气凝胶纤维, 增材制造
Aerogel is a kind of nanoporous materials with important scientific research significances and great engineering application values. Its preparation process involves basic scientific issues such as sol-gel chemical transformation, structure control, and interfacial tension elimination. Aerogels are ideal lightweight super thermal insulation materials due to their ultra-low density and ultra-low thermal conductivity, which are attractive properties for the applications in aerospace, transportation, and other applications with strict weight requirements. Thanks to the characteristics of high specific surface areas, high porosity, and continuous open pore structure, aerogels also have important potential applications in the fields of adsorption, catalysis, drug carrier, energy and environmental remediation. Recent years, great research interests in aerogels have gained from both academic and industrial fields. This review gives a brief overview of the relevant literatures and intellectual property rights since the first report of aerogels, and systematically summarizes the preparation methods of aerogels, types of aerogels, dimensional structure designs, and novel applications of aerogels developed in the past five years. For example, supramolecular aerogels, stimuli-responsive aerogels, aerogel fibers, additive manufacturing of aerogels have subverted traditional materials to a certain extent and broke through the limitations of traditional preparation methods. Finally, a brief summary of aerogels in recent years and prospect for the development of aerogels in the future are made.
Key words: aerogel, drying method, dimensional structure design, aerogel fiber, additive manufacturing
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