摘要/Abstract
纳米材料在肿瘤治疗中有着广泛的应用，但其存在靶向效率低、肿瘤穿透性差以及副作用明显等缺点.细菌及其分泌物具有靶向肿瘤乏氧部位、肿瘤渗透能力强、刺激免疫应答的特点，但其安全性和单独使用疗效低的问题仍需解决.将纳米材料与细菌结合起来，可以补足彼此的缺陷，在肿瘤治疗中有很大的应用潜力.这篇综述中，我们根据细菌在治疗中起的作用，将细菌与纳米材料结合的作用方式分为三类：细菌与纳米材料形成复合物来增强肿瘤靶向、细菌的生物酶发生酶促反应以及细菌分泌物结合纳米材料用于抗肿瘤.通过典型示例重点介绍了近年来用纳米材料与细菌结合增强肿瘤治疗的研究，并讨论其增强机制，同时进行了前景展望.
关键词: 细菌, 纳米材料, 靶向递送, 酶促反应, 肿瘤治疗
Nowadays malignant tumors are still one of the disastrous diseases. It is necessary to explore new strategies for the treatment of malignant tumor. Nanomaterials refer to materials with at least one dimension of the three dimensions in the nanometer range (1~100 nm). They show a wide range of applications in tumor treatment while disadvantages of low targeting efficiency, poor tumor penetration and obvious side effects still limit their applications. As a method for tumor treatment, bacterial therapy has a long history. Some facultative anaerobic and obligate anaerobic bacteria and their secretions have the characteristics of targeting hypoxic tumor tissue, strong tumor penetration and stimulating immune responses. After genetically modification or attenuation treatment, it can be used for tumor treatment. However, the safety issues and low therapeutic efficiency still needs to be solved. The combination of nanomaterials and bacteria can complement the limitation of each other, and shows great potential in tumor therapy. On one hand, bacteria could enhance the targeting efficiency of nanomaterials, and decrease the side effects. On the other hand, nanomaterials could help improve the safety and solve the problem of low therapeutic efficiency of bacterial therapy. In this review, the combination of nanomaterials and bacteria is divided into three categories based on the role of bacteria in the treatment. Firstly, the preparation of composites of nanomaterials and bacteria by chemical bonds, electrostatic interaction, and other ways to enhance tumor targeting. Secondly, bacterial enzyme could react with nanomaterials to control the release of drug. Thirdly, secretions of bacteria after plasmids were introduced and outer membrane vesicles secreted by bacteria could be combined with nanomaterials for anti-tumor therapy. The mechanisms of the combination therapy are also discussed. Finally, we summarized and discussed the current challenges, especially the safety of the combination therapy. The prospect of the combination of nanomaterials and bacterial for tumor treatment is also proposed.
Key words: bacteria, nanomaterials, targeted delivery, enzymatic reaction, tumor treatment
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