摘要/Abstract

开发并利用清洁的、可再生的能源是解决环境污染问题和能源短缺的有效方法.碳化含碳量较高的多孔有机材料制备的多孔碳，具有较高的比表面积，良好的物化稳定性，优良的机械性能等优点，在清洁能源的存储、分离、能量的存储与转化领域有广泛的应用.常见的由多孔有机材料制备多孔碳的方法主要是非活化碳化法和活化碳化法.不同的制备方法得到的多孔碳形貌，孔结构各不形同.多孔碳材料自身的结构性质可以影响其应用.合理的设计并调控多孔碳的“孔”，发挥孔尺寸的“筛分效应”可以有效地对气体进行存储和分离.在锂电等能量转化领域，“限域效应”是影响锂电性能的重要因素.多孔碳材料中较小的孔可以限域活性成分，而较大的孔可以快速传输，两种孔的协同效应可以使锂电性能大大提升.本综述系统地归纳了一步碳化多孔有机材料制备多孔碳的方法及其优势，详细地介绍了其在气体吸附、存储、分离以及电化学等领域的应用.最后，结合多孔碳材料的研究现状，提出由多孔有机材料制备多孔碳材料所面临的挑战，同时也展望了多孔碳材料的应用前景.
关键词: 多孔有机材料, 多孔碳, 气体吸附, 碳化, 电化学
It is an effective way to solve the problems of environmental pollution and energy shortage by exploring and utilizing clean, renewable energy. Porous carbons which prepared by carbonized porous organic materials with high carbon content, have high specific surface area, good physical and chemical stability, and excellent mechanical performance, generally higher conductivity, therefore can be widely used in many fields, such as clean energy storage, different gases separation, and energy storage and conversion, etc. The common methods for preparing porous carbon from porous organic materials are divided into non-activated carbonization and activation carbonization. The morphology and pore structure of porous carbons which prepared by different preparation methods are different. The structure properties of porous carbon materials can affect their application. Reasonable design and utilization of the "pore" of porous carbon, displaying "sieving effect" of pore size can effectively store and separate the gas molecules. In the field of energy storage and conversion, such as lithium battery, the "confinement effect" is an important factor that affects the electrical performance of lithium battery. The smaller pores in the porous carbon materials can limited the active components, while the larger pores are in favor of rapidly diffusion, the synergistic effect of the two different type pores can greatly improve the electrical performance of lithium battery. This review systematically summarize the preparation methods of porous carbons derived from porous organic materials, and a brief comparison of different methods for preparing porous carbon is presented which proved that carbonized porous organic materials is a simple, efficient, environmentally friendly, and controllable pore structure method for the preparation of porous carbon with excellent performance. Then, the review describes in detail about the application of porous carbons in gas adsorption, storage, separation, energy storage and conversion. At the last, combination with the research status of porous carbons, the review points out the challenges for porous carbons, and also prospects the application of porous carbons.
Key words: porous organic materials, porous carbons, gas adsorption, carbonization, electrochemistry


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