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HYDRO-SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

(Bimonthly)

Apr. 2015 No.2 (Total No.150)
CONTENTS
Effect of waterway siltation by bed-material grain-size variation processes

¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­LIU Hong, HUANG Zhi-yang, DING Jian, LIN Na(1)

Circumfluence characteristics of reversing longitudinal dike head and its application to waterway regulation

¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­ZHONG Liang, XU Guang-xiang, HE Yan-jun(9)

Characteristics and weather causes of extreme rainstorms in Liaohe River region

¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­ GUAN Tie-sheng, YAO Hui-ming, XU Qin, YAO Wang-ying(18)

Numerical simulation of near-shore wave propagation and transformation based on a SWASH model

¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­ WANG Liang-cai, CHEN Yong-ping, HU Yu-zhi(26)

A study of an extensive river forecasting model for Yalong River

¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­LIU Xiao-long, SHI Yong, CHEN Lian-gang, LUAN Zhen-yu, YU Mei-xiu(33)

Numerical simulation analysis of driving methods affecting soil around pipe pile

¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­XU Bao-zhao, LI Sa, XIA Ling-xiao, DAI Xu(38)

Experimental studies on structure optimization of ring-wing scour plates under different discharges

¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­WANG Zuo, MOU Xian-you, LI Chun-jiang, TIAN Jian-hao(44)

Analysis of mooring force influence given by larger ships passing through a shiplock

¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­ HUANG Yue, XUAN Guo-xiang, XU Jin-chao, ZHANG Lu-chen, JIN Ying(50)

Experimental studies of flocculaton settling of sediment from three lakes

¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­XIE Rui, JI Chang-hui, WANG Yong-ping(55)

A study of storm surge in Jiangsu sea waters based on a typhoon parameter model

¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­ WANG Xian-mei, ZHAI Jian-feng, DONG Pei-hua, FAN Fei(61)

Design analysis of a seepage failure segment for the flood control training field of Jiangsu Province

¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­ LU Yi-zhong, CHEN Sheng-shui, MI Zhan-kuan(67)

Slope design based on a topology optimization method

¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­ ZHANG Hong-wei, CAO Zhi, CHENG Yu-zhu, YANG Heng(73)

Analysis of influence of pre-soaked porous steel slag on early crack resistance of concrete¡­¡­LIU Pan(79)

Evolution characteristics analysis of Heishazhou southern waterway of the lower Yangtze River

¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­ CHEN Dong, CHEN Yi-mei, HUANG Zhao-biao(84)

Waterway regulation works evaluation for Zhangjiazhou south branch up-shoal area of the Changjiang River

¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­ LIU Tao(91)

Analysis of river closure construction difficulties for a hydroproject¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­XI Hao(99)
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Effect of waterway siltation by bed-material grain-size variation processes

LIU Hong^1,2, HUANG Zhi-yang¹, DING Jian¹, LIN Na¹

(1. Shanghai Waterway Engineering Design and Consulting Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200120£¬ China£» 2. State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062,China)
£Á£â£ó£ô£ò£á£ã£ô£º Based on topography, hydrology, tidal current, bed sediment and core data collected at the Lvsi sea area, an analysis of the bed-material grain-size variation processes and its effect of the waterway siltation is carried out. The results show that the bed-material armoring is shown at the Lvsi trial dredged channel after the waterway dredging. The median diameter of the bed-material is 0.045~0.071 mm before dredging, which increases to 0.128~0.135 mm after dredging. The sediment component between 0.005 mm and 0.062 mm decreases from 36.0% to 8.9%, and that between 0.075 and 0.250 mm increases from 37.9% to 78.2% by comparison with before and after dredging. The main course of the sediment composition change is the hydraulic sorting by the dredging. The silting forms combining with the suspended sediment deposition and bed load transport is a mechanism of the Lvsi waterway siltation. The siltation intensity of the trial dredged channel is great during the period from July to August in summer, and it is small during the period from November to December in winter. Furthermore, the medium diameter of the bed-material has become finer in summer and coarser in winter. The results of grain size spectral calculation show that the contribution rate of the suspended sediment deposition on the waterway siltation is about 15% in the normal condition, and the contribution rate in summer is higher than that in winter. However, this rate can be increased to 30%~40% in the windy condition. The calculation method of the contribution rate provides a reference for the siltation studies of the similar works in the future.
£Ë£å£ù¡¡£÷£ï£ò£ä£ó£º Lvsi sea area; trial dredged channel; waterway siltation; suspended sediment deposition; bed-material armoring; grain size spectral
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(1. ÖØÇ콻ͨ´óѧ ¹ú¼ÒÄÚºÓº½µÀÕûÖι¤³Ì¼¼ÊõÑо¿ÖÐÐÄ£¬ ÖØÇì 400074£» 2. ÖØÇ콻ͨ´óѧ Ë®ÀûË®Ô˹¤³Ì½ÌÓý²¿ÖصãʵÑéÊÒ£¬ ÖØÇì 400074£» 3. ³¤½­ÖØÇ캽Ô˹¤³Ì¿±²ìÉè¼ÆÔº£¬ ÖØÇì 401147)
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Circumfluence characteristics of reversing longitudinal dike head and

its application to waterway regulation

ZHONG Liang^1,2, XU Guang-xiang^1,2, HE Yan-jun³

(1. National Engineering Research Center for Inland Waterway Regulation, Chongqing Jiaotong University£¬ Chongqing 400074£¬ China£» 2. Key Laboratory of Hydraulic and Waterway Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Jiaotong University£¬ Chongqing 400074£¬ China£» 3. Changjiang Chongqing Harbour and Waterway Engineering Investigation and Design Institute£¬ Chongqing 401147£¬ China)
£Á£â£ó£ô£ò£á£ã£ô£º The reversing longitudinal dike is widely applied to the mountainous waterway regulation works, and the circumfluence characteristics near the reversing longitudinal dike head have great influence on navigation flow conditions. In this paper, the circumfluence characteristics near the reversing longitudinal dike head are discussed with the adoption of a 2-D flow mathematical model£» the circumfluence parameters, such as the length and width of circumfluence area and the flow velocity at the turning point, are obtained; and the relationships between the circumfluence parameters, the geometry parameters of the reversing longitudinal dike and the inlet flow conditions are established including the corresponding calculation formulas. The calculated results are applied to the regulation scheme design for the Zhuerqi shallow shoal in the Yangtze River. The navigation hindering characteristics and the formation causes of the Zhuerqi shallow shoal are discussed, and the regulation schemes are proposed. Analysis of the simulated regulation schemes shows that after implementation of the regulation works, the channel scales meet the design requirements, the increasing in flow velocity and hydraulic index are in line with the expected design targets, the flow pattern in the channel is good, and there are no navigation hindering flow such as the backflow, oblique flow and cross flow, which indicates that the calculation formulas for the circumfluence characteristic parameters developed in this paper can provide an effective technical support for the regulation scheme design in the future.
£Ë£å£ù¡¡£÷£ï£ò£ä£ó£º reversing longitudinal dike£»circumfluence characteristics£»shallow shoal£»waterway regulation; numerical simulation
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Characteristics and weather causes of extreme rainstorms in Liaohe River region

GUAN Tie-sheng^1,2, YAO Hui-ming^1,2, XU Qin^1,2, YAO Wang-ying³

(1. State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering Science, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029, China; 2. Research Center for Climate Change of Ministry of Water Resources, Nanjing 210029, China; 3. Jiangsu Naiwch Corporation, Nanjing 210012,China)
£Á£â£ó£ô£ò£á£ã£ô£º Based on the observed and investigated annual maximum point rainstorms data and meteorological data in the Liaohe River region, the regional characteristics and weather causes of annual extreme point rainstorms are analyzed, and the fundamental rules of the extreme rainstorms occurrence are revealed. The analysis results show that the amount of the annual maximum 24 h point rainstorms accounts for more than 70% of 3 d point rainstorm quantity in most areas of the Liaohe River region. Futhermore, 92.1% of the rainstorms occurs in July and Autumn, and 68.1% of the extreme rainstorms appears between late July and early Autumn. The spatial distribution of the extreme rainstorms is concentrated on the windward slope of Qianshan and Heishan Mountains and the hilly area of the Yalujiang River basin, as well as the Liao-Hun-Tai River region. The interannual variations of the extreme rainstorms are evident. The extreme rainstorms in the middle and high latitude of East Asia are characterized by ¡°East high, West low¡±, ¡°two high one low¡±, ¡°wavy airflow¡±, and ¡°warp direction high dam¡±, and in the middle and low latitude of East Asia by subtropical anticyclone stability, and in the highest latitude by upper air circulation situation as the background. The main rainstorm weather system has cyclones from the north, upper trough, single cold front, shear line, occluded front, upper vortex, cold vortex from northeast, semi tropical and semi temperate cyclone. The rainstorms usually happen under the combined action of the weather systems, such as middle-latitude westerly trough, subtropical high and tropical cyclones, and topographical uplift of the windward mountain.
£Ë£å£ù¡¡£÷£ï£ò£ä£ó£º extreme rainstorms£» weather cause£» Liaohe River region
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Numerical simulation of near-shore wave propagation and transformation based on a SWASH model

WANG Liang-cai^1,2, CHEN Yong-ping^1,2, HU Yu-zhi^1,2

(1. State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China£» 2. College of Harbor, Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Hohai University£¬ Nanjing 210098, China)
£Á£â£ó£ô£ò£á£ã£ô£º In recent years, a new type of phase-resolving wave model, SWASH, based on the non-hydrostatic shallow water equation, was developed to simulate the near-shore wave propagation and transformation. In order to examine the accuracy and robustness of the SWASH model, subsequent to the introduction of its governing equations, boundary conditions and numerical schemes, it is applied to simulate the propagation and transformation of normal regular waves, oblique regular waves or oblique random waves passing along a L-shaped breakwater, and the simulated results are compared with the experimental data. Analysis results show that the near-shore wave processes, such as wave shoaling, refraction, wave breaking, and reflection in front of the breakwater, wave diffraction behind the breakwater, and the wave-induced circulation flow around the L-shaped breakwater, are all well simulated. The numerical simulation results agree well with the experimental data, which indicates that the SWASH model can be used to simulate the wave propagation and transformation in the near-shore area having a complex topography.
£Ë£å£ù¡¡£÷£ï£ò£ä£ó£º L-shaped breakwater; a SWASH model; near-shore waves; wave-induced current; wave propagation; wave transformation
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A study of an extensive river forecasting model for Yalong River

LIU Xiao-long^1,2, SHI Yong², CHEN Lian-gang², LUAN Zhen-yu², YU Mei-xiu^1,2

(1. College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098,China; 2. Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029,China)
£Á£â£ó£ô£ò£á£ã£ô£º River forecasting and tracking is one of key technologies for developing waternet to prompt water utilization efficiency. Taking the region of Guandi reservoir-Ertan reservoir-estuary in the Yalong River basin as a case study site, the authors try to establish a river forecasting model based on the hydrological-hydraulic methods to forecast the water regime on the scales of time and space. In the model constructions, taking outflow of Guandi reservoir as inflow of the region, the Guandi-Ertan reservoir model uses the Muskingum method to route in the river channel and adopts the Xinanjiang model (XAJ model) based on the use of a digital elevation model (DEM) to make the model have a certain foreseeable period; for Ertan reservoir, the authors use its operation rules to get the outflow; and for the channel, from Ertan reservoir to estuary, one-dimension unsteady flow implicit difference scheme solution is adopted to simulate the absolute Saint Venant equations and obtain the hydrological processes of any cross-section along the river channel. So that, the hydrological forecasting results with a certain leading time have been extended on any cross-section of the river channel, and accurate forecasting and process controlling have been realized for the channel from the Ertan reservoir to estuary. The model is calibrated and validated strictly based on the daily hydrological data series from 2007 to 2009. The analysis results of this study show that the model performed very well with the absolute water level error of the Xiaodeshi station less than 0.30 m, the relative error of daily flow obtained from the Tongzilin station less than 10%, and a coefficient of determination higher than 0.989. The findings from this research could provide an essential technical support for the construction of a digital Yalong River, and be used as a valuable technical and methodological reference for real-time regulating and process controlling of multi-water resources of the internet of water.
£Ë£å£ù¡¡£÷£ï£ò£ä£ó£º river regime forecasting; Xinanjiang model; unsteady flow; Yalong River
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Numerical simulation analysis of driving methods affecting soil around pipe pile

XU Bao-zhao¹, LI Sa¹, XIA Ling-xiao², DAI Xu¹

(1. School of Civil Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China£» 2. Tianjin Housing Construction Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300000, China)
£Á£â£ó£ô£ò£á£ã£ô£º The finite element method (FEM) is used to simulate the penetration process of a pipe pile and the stress of the soil mass around the pile changing with depth is simulated and analysed. Pile driving is a highly nonlinear process and large deformation problems can hardly be solved by a common method by contacting and meshing. Those problems can be solved by ALE meshing technology and a ¡°zipper-type¡±method. In this paper, the penetration process of an open-ended pipe pile with diameter of 2.134 m into clay soil is investigated by ABAQUS. And the following installation methods are considered: pile jacking and impact driving. The horizontal stress of the soil mass inside the pipe pile is higher than that of the soil mass outside according to the soil stress inside and outside the pile changing with the depth in the pile penetration process. So, soil plugging appears in the pile jacking more easily than that in the impact driving and squeezing effect is relatively obvious. By analyzing the stress changing with time at some points in the soil mass around the pipe pile during the driving, the increase of the stress of the soil mass around the impact pile is lager than that in the pile jacking, and so is the sphere of influence in the soil mass around the pipe pile. Therefere, this effect should be taken into consideration to evaluate the bearing capacity of the pipe pile.
£Ë£å£ù¡¡£÷£ï£ò£ä£ó£º finite element method; large deformation; open-ended piles; pile jacking; impact driving; penetration process; changes in stress
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Experimental studies on structure optimization of ring-wing scour plates under different discharges

WANG Zuo, MOU Xian-you, LI Chun-jiang, TIAN Jian-hao

(College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018,China)
£Á£â£ó£ô£ò£á£ã£ô£º To carry out studies of the local scour around the bridge piers under different discharges, a multi-level structure is formed by increasing anti-scouring plates in addition to a single anti-scouring plate. A principal component analysis is made of anti-scouring indexes by multivariate statistical methods. It has proved the maximum pit depths have a great reflection of experiment results. In addition, the experiment results are analysed using the maximum pit depths. The analysis results show that the anti-scouring effect can¡ät be improved by increasing the anti-scouring plates at 75 m³/h, but it can be increased at 115 m³/h. Besides, the anti-scouring effect increases with decrease of the spacings between the anti-scouring plates, and enhances with increase of the outer diameters of the anti-scouring plates. However, the anti-scouring effect of three-level anti-scouring plates is similar to that of the two-level anti-scouring plates. The third-level anti-scouring plate has little effect on the experiment results. Therefore, under the conditions of different discharges, the optimal structure of the ring-wing anti-scouring plates will be two slices of the anti-scouring plates. The outer diameter of the anti-scouring plates is 180 mm, and the spacing between the anti-scouring plates is 15 mm.
£Ë£å£ù¡¡£÷£ï£ò£ä£ó£º bridge piers; local scour; different discharge; anti-scouring indexes; principal component analysis; multi-level anti-scouring structure
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Analysis of mooring force influence given by larger ships passing through a shiplock

HUANG Yue, XUAN Guo-xiang, XU Jin-chao, ZHANG Lu-chen, JIN Ying

(Key Laboratory of Navigation Structures Construction Technology of Ministry of Transport, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029,China)
£Á£â£ó£ô£ò£á£ã£ô£º The ship wave caused by ships exiting from or entering the shiplock would enlarge the mooring force of berthed ships in the shiplock and be harmful for the mooring safety. Large-size ships entering or exiting from the shiplock may cause greater ship-induced waves and give remarkable influences upon the berthed ships. So to study the mooring force of the berthed ships caused by moving ships is necessary and important. The mooring force of the large-size ships in the Three Gorges shiplock is studied by conducting a physical model test of the shiplock, of which the scale is 1:36.3. A 5 000 t class ship model is used for the tests. The analysis results show that the ship speed gives a great influence on the mooring force. And if the water depth in the shiplock is 5.5 m, the slip speed exceeds 0.5 m/s, and the mooring force on typical berthed ship may exceed the standard value specified by the codes. When the water depth in the Three Gorges shiplock is 5.5 m, and the ship is berthed in the shiplock, the speed of other ships entering or exiting from the shiplock should be lower than 0.5 m/s for the safety.
£Ë£å£ù¡¡£÷£ï£ò£ä£ó£º shiplock; large vessels; ship-induced wave; mooring force; model test
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Experimental studies of flocculaton settling of sediment from three lakes

XIE Rui, JI Chang-hui, WANG Yong-ping

(State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering£¬ Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute£¬ Nanjing 210029, China)
£Á£â£ó£ô£ò£á£ã£ô£º Autogenic pollution sources coming from lake sediment motion process aggravate ecological environment deterioration of lakes. A study of settlement law of lake sediment after suspension by the action of water wave provides a reference for understanding causes of water quality change and ecological environment governance of lakes. Settlement experiments of sediment from the Taihu Lake, Longgan Lake and Caohu Lake under hydrostatic conditions were performed in an organic glass cylinder. The changes in sediment concentrations under the conditions of different initial sediment concentrations and different water depths have been studied, and the laws of the sediment settlement of three lakes have been analyzed, which can approximately represent the dynamic state of the lakes sediment. The analysis results show that the settlement of sediment from three lakes is charactorized by the flocculating settling, and that the settlement process and velocities have quantitative changes and fundamental changes comparing with a single particle sediment. The average flocculating settling velocities increase with the increment of settling height and sediment concentration. The flocculating settling velocities of the sediment from three lakes have been obtained. The experiment results can give a good basis for improving water quality by the flocculation settling method.
£Ë£å£ù¡¡£÷£ï£ò£ä£ó£º lake sediment; sediment concentration; settling velocity; flocculation; experiment on settlement
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A study of storm surge in Jiangsu sea waters based on a typhoon parameter model

WANG Xian-mei, ZHAI Jian-feng, DONG Pei-hua, FAN Fei

(Aquatic Transportation Center of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Province Communications Planning and Design Institute Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210014, China)
£Á£â£ó£ô£ò£á£ã£ô£ºTaking the typhoon ¡°Damrey¡± hitting land of Jiangsu Province as a case history£¬ based on a typhoon parameter model, the third generation wave model and a hydrodynamic mode1 on the basis of a shallow water equation, simulation study of the storm surge in Jiangsu sea waters is carried out in this paper. The typhoon landed on Lianyungang waters of Jiangsu sea waters. Firstly, the gradient wind filed of the typhoon ¡°Damrey¡± was computed by a Jele wind parameters model, then the NECP ambient wind field and gradient wind field are compounded, and the typhoon ¡°Damrey¡± field was formed. Model analysis indicates that there are good fitting results between the simulated values and the measured values of the typhoon data. And then, the wave parameters of Jiangsu sea waters during typhoon have been calculated by a wave model, which was driven by the typhoon wind field. At the same time, the tidal current of Jiangsu sea waters during typhoon was simulated with a shallow water equation. Last, a study of the water level fluctuation of storm surge induced by the typhoon ¡°Damrey¡± in Jiangsu sea waters has been carried out. The analysis results show that the largest storm surge occurred on Guanhe River estuary during the tyohoon, which is up to 1.9 m. The largest surge of the observation point of Jiangsu sea waters increases before decrease in the storm surge from north to south Jiangsu Province, due to the impacts given by the typhoon centre.
£Ë£å£ù¡¡£÷£ï£ò£ä£ó£º a typhoon parameter model£» storm surge£» water level fluctuation of storm surge; Jiangsu sea waters
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Design analysis of a seepage failure segment for the flood control training field of Jiangsu Province

LU Yi-zhong¹, CHEN Sheng-shui², MI Zhan-kuan²

(1. Office of Flood Control and Drought Prevention Headquarters of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210029, China; 2. Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029,China)
£Á£â£ó£ô£ò£á£ã£ô£º The construction of a flood control training field to provide a real drill ground for simulating flood control environment is the first at home and abroad. In order to support the design analysis of a seepage failure segment for the flood control training field of Jiangsu Province, based on the basic theory of soil seepage failure and taking into account the actual needs of the flood control training, the filling material of the embankment is determined firstly. The physical and mechanical property tests are conduted, and then the unsaturated seepage analysis parameters are estimated from the grading curves. Two different scale models for the seepage failure are established, and the model test results are compared with the numerical calculation results to verify the reliability of the numerical analysis. Finally, the seepage numerical analysis of the practice model is performed. According to the above experimental and numerical analysis results, the corresponding conclusions and recommendations are put forward for the design scheme. The suggested design scheme is based on the homogeneous soil, and its rationality remains to be further verified in the actual projects because the inhomogeneity of the actual filling material is larger.
£Ë£å£ù¡¡£÷£ï£ò£ä£ó£º flood control training field; seepage failure; a hydraulic model; numerical analysis
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Slope design based on a topology optimization method

ZHANG Hong-wei, CAO Zhi, CHENG Yu-zhu, YANG Heng

(Key Laboratory of Hydraulic and Waterway Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074£¬ China)
£Á£â£ó£ô£ò£á£ã£ô£º A topology optimization method for designing the excavation slope is put forward, and topology optimization method based on the stiffness in the optimization module of Abaqus has been used to optimally design an excavation slope. The change in the material density and the strain energy changing with the optimization of volume is analyzed in the process of topology optimization. The strain energy and horizontal displacement of the slope before and after topology optimization design are compared and analyzed. And the stability of the conventional method and the topology optimization method for designing the excavation slope is analyzed by the strength reduction method. The topology optimization method for designing the excavation slope reduces element along with the original slope and the optimization area of the slope has no phenomenon of cavitation. The slope after topology optimization tends to be triangle and lateral displacement distribution becomes uniform, so the topology optimization method for designing the excavation slope is feasible. The slope ratio is changing, and the upper slope ratio is smaller. The safety factor of the optimizing area and the slope designed by the topology optimization is equal to the safety factor for the slope designed by the conventional method in the excavation under the same volume. The sliding arc of the excavation slope designed by the topology optimization is less obvious than that of the slope designed by the conventional method. The topology optimization method for designing the excavation slope can well consider the material properties of the slope soil and the strain energy of the slope in the design.
£Ë£å£ù¡¡£÷£ï£ò£ä£ó£º slope design; topology optimization; excavation slope; strength reduction method; strain energy
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Analysis of influence of pre-soaked porous steel slag on early crack resistance of concrete

LIU Pan

(Xinjiang Survey and Design Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower, Urumqi 830000,China)
£Á£â£ó£ô£ò£á£ã£ô£º The early cracking in concrete is one of the hot spots of current researches at home and abroad. In this study, in order to explore the influence of the pre-soaked porous steel slag on the early crack resistance of concrete, we mixed the pre-soaked porous steel slag into concrete, replaced part of the coarse aggregate amount and used the knife-edge method to study the early crack resistance of concrete. The test content is mainly divided into two parts, the strength tests and the early crack resistance tests. The analysis results show that 7 d and 28 d compressive strengths of the steel slag concrete are superior to the control group, and only judging by the compressive strength, there is the optimal dosage of the porous steel slag in concrete. After adding the pre-absorbent porous slag to concrete, it causes a delay in the initial cracking of concrete, the maximum crack width and total crack area on per unit area are significantly reduced, and the early cracking resistance of concrete is enhanced significantly. From the point of view of internal curing, analysis results show that the porous steel slag can improve the internal relative humidity of concrete, thus inhibiting the shrinkage of concrete at the early age, and be favorable for the improvement of the early cracking resistance of concrete.
£Ë£å£ù¡¡£÷£ï£ò£ä£ó£º porous steel slag; concrete; knifeª²edge method; early crack resistance
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Evolution characteristics analysis of Heishazhou southern-waterway of the lower Yangtze River

CHEN Dong, CHEN Yi-mei, HUANG Zhao-biao

(Transportation College, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096,China)
£Á£â£ó£ô£ò£á£ã£ô£º In order to study the riverbed evolution characteristics and trends of the braided waterway downstream of the Yangtze River after impoundment of the Three Gorges hydroproject and construction of the regulation works, the measured flow and sediment diversion ratio from 1960 to 2005 and a total of 31 topographic maps from 2004 to 2012 are collected in the Heishazhou waterway studies. A one-dimensional hydraulic model of HEC-RAS is used to calculate and analyze the flow diversion ratio of the Heishazhou southern waterway before and after regulation works. The geographic information system (GIS) and a digital elevation model (DEM) are used to calculate and analyze the changes in the area, volumes and location of the shoal of the Heishazhou southern waterway. The analysis results show that the shoal of the Heishazhou southern waterway was scoured from 2004 to 2009; and the shoal still keeps the characteristics of erosion and deposition after the impoundment of the Three Gorges hydroproject. The flow diversion ratio of the southern waterway during the low-water season is reduced by 1.5% and the shoal evolution trends toward deposition after completion of the regulation works. The research findings can be used as a reference for design and maintenance of the similar waterway works.
£Ë£å£ù¡¡£÷£ï£ò£ä£ó£º a HEC-RAS model; a digital elevation model; flow and sediment diversion ratio; shoal evolution; regulation works
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Waterway regulation works evaluation for Zhangjiazhou south

branch up-shoal area of the Changjiang River

LIU Tao

(Navigational Planning & Research Center of Changjiang River, Wuhan 430014, China£©
£Á£â£ó£ô£ò£á£ã£ô£ºThe Zhangjiazhou waterway is one of the navigation hindering reaches of the downstream Changjiang River. Before the completion of the waterway regulation works, the channel was in a very bad condition during the dry season, and navigational accidents occurred frequently. It was difficult to ensure navigation safety because of having many difficults in waterway construction, management and maintenance. In this paper, the basic situations and regulation works are presented, and the changes in the river regime, waterway conditions and the stability of the regulation works before and after the completion of construction are analysed. Based on the summation of operation experiences from the regulation works, it is suggested that the ongoing management and maintenance must be done for the regulation works in the future. The practical operation of the regulation works shows that the river regime is more stable; the south and north branches have little changes in diversion ratio; the navigation conditions are significantly improved; all the channel has a depth of 4 m; and an interval length of the depth of 5 m is shortened greatly, therefore, the annual fluctuation of water depth tends to be stable. Having little effect on the scouring and deposition along the lower shallow area, the overall regulation works have achieved the expected remediation goals, and completely met the design standards of 4.5 m¡Á200 m¡Á1 050 m for the navigation channel.
£Ë£å£ù¡¡£÷£ï£ò£ä£ó£º waterway transport; waterway regulation; shoal; effect evaluation; Zhangjiazhou south branch
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Analysis of river closure construction difficulties for a hydroproject

XI Hao^1£¬2

(1. Xi¡äan University of Technology, Xi¡äan 710048£¬ China; 2. Sinohydro Engineering Bureau No.4 Co., Ltd., Xining 810007£¬ China)
£Á£â£ó£ô£ò£á£ã£ô£º A hydroproject is located at the lower reaches of the Xunjiang River, the main stream of the Xijiang River system, of which the dam axis crosses two islands and three channels, with diversion in three phases, and three times of the river closure cutting off the natural channel in the river, and the river flow flowing through the outer river sluice. An average discharge of the return period of once in 5 years is taken as the discharge standard of the middle river closure at the third stage, the corresponding design discharge for river closure is 2 030 m³/s. When implementing river closure, because the removal of the outer river upstream cofferdam is not in place and there is a disturbance caused by the guide facilities for ship lock navigation, the actual river diversion capacity of the outer river is far smaller than the design expectations, but is also influenced by water transfer requirements of the Pearl River with supplementing freshwater to suppress salty water, and controlling the flow of not less than 1 800 m³/s. The advancing speed of the river closure is limited, and the river closure time lasts longer. 2 m-thick cover layer on the riverbed is washed away, the advancing front on the right side is scoured, the reinforcing cage for protecting slope toe is collapsed, the advancing front of the reinforcing cage goes down, and cracks on the berm top appear. Too slow river closure results in falling water in the downstream of the middle river, and the downstream of the closure gap water level is lower than the design downstream water level by 2 m. And the final fall along the closure gap is twice more than the design fall, reaching 4.09 m, and construction difficulties and risks are finally increasing. A detailed analysis of river closure difficulties is made in this paper, and the solution measures are presented. The summation of the experience of the ultimate success for the river closure can provide a reference for future similar projects in the planning and implementation of the river closure.
£Ë£å£ù¡¡£÷£ï£ò£ä£ó£º hydroproject; closure gap engineering; river closure construction