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HYDRO-SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

(Bimonthly)

Dec. 2014 No.6 (Total No.148)
CONTENTS
An attribution method for catchment-scale runoff variation evaluation under environmental change based on Budyko hypothesis

¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­LIU Yan-li, WANG Guo-qing, JIN Jun-liang, BAO Zhen-xin, LIU Cui-shan(1)

Tidal current and sediment numerical calculation for Meishan waterway

¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­FAN Hong-xia, WANG Jian-zhong, ZHU Li-jun(9)

Experimental studies on preparation and uniaxial expansion simulation of back-fill micro-expansive self-compacting concrete(SCC)

¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­LIU Wei-bao, LU Cai-rong, WANG Heng, MEI Guo-xing, GE Xue-liang, YANG Hu(16)

Numerical simulation of flow around frame dolphin pier structure

¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­LV Qi-bing, YANG Bin, LIU Ming-wei, LI Peng-hao(22)

Hydrodynamic characteristics of a spur dike with permeable groyne head and its application

¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­DING Jing-jing, LU Yan, LU Yong-jun(30)

Response of blue-green algae habitat in Taihu Lake to climate change

¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­HUANG Guo-qing, WU Shi-qiang, ZHOU JIe, WU Xiu-feng, ZHOU Dong-hui(39)

Effects of turbulent viscosity coefficient on 3-D storm surge within shallow seas

¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­XIONG Wei, ZHU Zhi-xia, DONG Jia, QI Qing-hui(45)

A study of storm surge in radial sand ridges under sea level rising

¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­YU Liang-liang, CHEN Ke-feng, LU Pei-dong, ZHANG Jun-biao(52)

Riverbed incision damagable to hydraulic structure and its countermeasures

¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­LI Yan-fu, HAN Chang-hai, YANG Yu(58)

A rock block auto-searching and rock layer auto-tracing method based on 2D fracture network simulation

¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­LI Ai-hua, ZHU Jiang(65)

Analysis of modified coefficients for calculating dredger fill sludge settlement under vacuum preloading

¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­GONG Li-fei, ZHU Fang-fang, TANG Tong-zhi, WU Yue-long(71)

Calculation and analysis of righting capsized vessel based on GHS software

¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­ PAN De-wei, LIN Cheng-xin, SUN De-ping, LIU Zhi-jie, ZHOU Chao-yu(78)

Analysis of impact of dynamic compaction foundation cushion thickness on bearing capacity and deformation modulus

¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­YUE Xi-bing, JIANG Shun-wu, WANG Bao-shan, DENG Yong-feng(84)

Review of modeling and simulation of vessel traffic flow

¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­XU Wu-xiong, CHU Xiu-min, LIU Xing-long(91)

On interaction between submarine pipelines and seabed under action of waves

¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­FU Chang-jing, LI Guo-ying, ZHAO Tian-long(100)
»ùÓÚBudyko¼ÙÉèµÄ»·¾³±ä»¯¶ÔÁ÷Óò¾¶Á÷Ó°ÏìµÄ½ç¶¨

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(1. ÄϾ©Ë®Àû¿ÆѧÑо¿Ôº Ë®ÎÄË®×ÊÔ´ÓëË®Àû¹¤³Ì¿Æѧ¹ú¼ÒÖصãʵÑéÊÒ£¬ ½­ËÕ ÄϾ© 210029£» 2. Ë®Àû²¿Ó¦¶ÔÆøºò±ä»¯Ñо¿ÖÐÐÄ£¬ ½­ËÕ ÄϾ© 210029)
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An attribution method for catchment-scale runoff variation evaluation

under environmental change based on Budyko hypothesis

LIU Yan-li^1£¬2, WANG Guo-qing^1£¬2, JIN Jun-liang^1£¬2,ª¤ BAO Zhen-xin^1£¬2, LIU Cui-shan^1£¬2

(1. State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering£¬ Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute£¬ Nanjing 210029£¬ China; 2. Research Center for Climate Change of Ministry of Water Resources£¬ Nanjing 210029£¬ China)
£Á£â£ó£ô£ò£á£ã£ô£º Impacted by climate change and human activity£¬ catchment-scale environment has changed and leaded to remarkable runoff variation£¬ which poses a new challenge to water resources management. Attributing and defining the climate change and the human activity impacts on catchment runoff could scientifically support the measures and actions of environmental change mitigation and adaptation£¬ which is also one of the urgent key problems in sustainable water resources management. In current studies£¬ the hydrological model-based methods indicate averaging effect and additive error above annual scale£¬ and are normally complicated with more uncertainties due to excessive parameters. Based on Budyko hypothesis£¬ this study has presented an attribution method to assess catchment-scale runoff variation impacted by the climate change and the human activity. The Sanchuan River basin in Loess Plateau is selected as a case study. The analysis results show that the proposed method has a preferable applicability to runoff variation analysis for annual scale£¬ compared with the application from VIC model. Because there are no true values of separated impacts from the climate change and the human activity£¬ this method enriches the research theory for the issues£¬ and facilitates the understanding of the impact of the regional environmental change.
£Ë£å£ù¡¡£÷£ï£ò£ä£ó£º climate change; human activity; Budyko hypothesis; runoff; attribution; Sanchuan River basin
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(ÄϾ©Ë®Àû¿ÆѧÑо¿Ôº£¬ ½­ËÕ ÄϾ© 210029)
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Tidal current and sediment numerical calculation for Meishan waterway

FAN Hong-xia, WANG Jian-zhong, ZHU Li-jun

(Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute£¬ Nanjing 210029£¬ China)
£Á£â£ó£ô£ò£á£ã£ô£º A 2-D tidal current and sediment mathematical model for Meishan waterway sea area is established on the basis of analyzing the measured data. After flow and sediment motion verification£¬ the model is applied to calculate and analyse the changes of the tidal current and the erosion-siltation variation caused by the anchorage shelter project under typical spring-neap tide conditions. The research results show that the flood and ebb tidal volume in the Meishan waterway constitutes a small percentage of those of the surrounding waterways£¬ bringing no changes of the flow field and sediment balance in the large sea area. Cumulative deposition trend is shown in recirculation and slow-flow region near the proposed two dikes at the south and north waterways because of velocity decreasing, which will give some impacts on the water conservancy facilities located in the adjacent areas. Therefore it is necessary to take protective measures to ensure safe operation of the small sluices and wharfs located in the sea area. The analysis research findings can provide a technical support for the project design and construction.
£Ë£å£ù¡¡£÷£ï£ò£ä£ó£º Meishan waterway£» the anchorage shelter project£» tidal current and sediment£» numerical calculation
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Experimental studies on preparation and uniaxial expansion simulation of

back-fill micro-expansive self-compacting concrete(SCC)

LIU Wei-bao, LU Cai-rong, WANG Heng, MEI Guo-xing, GE Xue-liang, YANG Hu

(State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering£¬ Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute£¬ Nanjing 210029£¬ China)
£Á£â£ó£ô£ò£á£ã£ô£º Pressure-balanced water tank is applied to balance the water pressure in concrete volute at a hydroelectric power station which has operated safely for decades. However£¬ corrosion occurred in the tanks in these years. It is too difficult to repair and there is a safety problem in the power station. In order to study the feasibility of backfilling micro-expansion SCC as substitution for pressure water£¬ experiments of preparation and performance have been carried out according to the design requirements. By adopting the site raw materials£¬ mix parameters such as water-cement ratio and sand rate are determined by a series of fresh concrete tests and strength tests. The relationships between the dosage of swelling agent and deformation of concrete have been studied by restricted expansion experiments£¬ autogenous volume deformation tests and uniaxial expansion experiments. The filling ability of this type of SCC is verified by rheological experiments and a simulative self-filling test. The mix proportion and the performance of backfilling micro-expansion SCC can provide a reference for relative researches and similar works of hydraulic engineering.
£Ë£å£ù¡¡£÷£ï£ò£ä£ó£º back-fill£» micro-expansion£» self-compacting concrete(SCC)£» concrete preparation£» rheological properties£» uniaxial expansion
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(1. Öн»µÚ¶þº½Îñ¹¤³Ì¿±²ìÉè¼ÆÔºÓÐÏÞ¹«Ë¾£¬ ºþ±± Î人 430071£» 2. ÖØÇ콻ͨ´óѧ ºÓº£Ñ§Ôº£¬ ÖØÇì 400074£» 3. ÎÂÖݸۼ¯ÍÅÓÐÏÞ¹«Ë¾£¬ Õã½­ ÎÂÖÝ 325100)
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Numerical simulation of flow around frame dolphin pier structure

LV Qi-bing¹, YANG Bin², LIU Ming-wei², LI Peng-hao³

(1. CCCC Second Harbor Consultants Co., Ltdª±£¬ Wuhan 430071£¬China£» 2. School of River & Ocean Engineering£¬ Chongqing Jiaotong University£¬ Chongqing 400074£¬ China£» 3. Wenzhou Port Group Co., Ltd.£¬ Wenzhou 325100£¬China)
£Á£â£ó£ô£ò£á£ã£ô£º Based on the FLUENT software£¬ different permutations and combinations of square cylinders are used to simulate the flow around frame dolphin pier structure£¬ and get the resistance coefficients and the three dimensional flow field of each square column with different spacing ratios£¬ and explore the law of the flow force distribution on the structure. The calculation results show that the square column resistance changes regularly in series and tied for simply two columns. When two rows of three square columns are used£¬ the first row of the square columns blocks the water remarkably. The parameters of the flow around the square columns in the sharp corners position are symmetric£¬ the resistance of each square column increases obviously£¬ but haphazard. When the fluctuation cross arm spacing is 3 d£¬ it has a little effect on each other. The resistance coefficient of cross arm is basically the same in the first row at the upstream£¬ and the flow resistance of lateral cross arm of the second row decreases obviously. The flow resistance of the vertical support can be neglected. The flow resistance of the vertical cross arm can be ignored with the flow in the same direction.
£Ë£å£ù¡¡£÷£ï£ò£ä£ó£º wharf£» flow force£» square column£» drag coefficient£» numerical simulation
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Hydrodynamic characteristics of a spur dike with permeable groyne head and its application

DING Jing-jing, LU Yan, LU Yong-jun

(State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering£¬Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute£¬ Nanjing 210029£¬ China)
£Á£â£ó£ô£ò£á£ã£ô£º The spur dikes are in wide use in the waterway regulation works£¬ however£¬ the emergence of complex three-dimensional flow fields around the groyne head usually leads to the development of a local sour hole which may cause failure of the whole project. In this paper£¬ a novel optimization structure type of the spur dike with permeable groyne head made up of tetrahedron pervious frames is proposed to weaken the flow dynamics at the tip of the spur dike£¬ and a few flume experiments have been conducted in order to study the hydrodynamic characteristics and the scour characteristics of the new structures. Comparing to the conventional ones£¬ significant retardation of the mean velocity and reduction of the velocity gradient are observed while the flow passes through the permeable groyne head. Thus£¬ the concentrated flow in the vicinity of the groyne head is dispersed progressively£¬ the downward-flow at the tip of the spur dike is weakened£¬ and the formation of the shedding vortex is also reduced effectively£¬ resulting in reduction of local scour£¬ which is helpful to the stability of the groyne£» in addition£¬ the permeable groyne head is helpful to deflect the flow£¬ and push the local scour hole away from the groyne head£¬ which is also favorable to the stability of the groyne head. The influence of the permeability and the length of the pervious groyne head on the local scour is also studied in this research. Experimental studies indicate that there is an optimal permeability of the permeable groyne head making the local scour control the best£» within the scope of the concentrated flow in the vicinity of the groyne head£¬ a longer permeable groyne head means a better effect to control the local scour. However£¬ when the length of the permeable groyne head exceeds this scope£¬ there are no significant effects on the reduction of the local scour as the length of the groyne head increases.
£Ë£å£ù¡¡£÷£ï£ò£ä£ó£º spur dike£» tetrahedron pervious frame£» permeable groyne head£» hydrodynamic characteristics£» scour characteristics£» local scour
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Response of blue-green algae habitat in Taihu Lake to climate change

HUANG Guo-qing, WU Shi-qiang, ZHOU JIe, WU Xiu-feng, ZHOU Dong-hui

(State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute£¬ Nanjing 210029, China)
£Á£â£ó£ô£ò£á£ã£ô£º In recent years, the algae blooms in the Lake Taihu has become an important water pollution event and major water safe problems, aggravated by a factor of climate change.In order to predict the influence of future climate change on the blooms of blue algae in the Lake Taihu, and propose the responding strategy, a research on climate change the corresponding relationship of cyanobacteria habitat was carried out. Based on a lot of measured meteorological data and climate change scenario calculations, the trend on climate change for recent 50's years of the Lake Taihu Basin is obtained with increasing in air temperature, slight decreasing in wind speed, reducing in sunshine time, increasing in rainfall and decreasing in humidity. The main factors of climate change on blue-green algae blooms in Lake Taihu are the variations in air temperature and wind speed. The risk of blue-green algae blooms is rising per 10 years on approximately 2% caused by air temperature increases and every 5 years on about average 3.5% caused by wind speed decreases. Combined with experimental responses of blue-green algae to the sensitive factors, some response measures are suggested including cutting pollution abatement, removing sediment appropriately, blue-green algae salvage, water diversiondrainage, ecological restoration etc.
£Ë£å£ù¡¡£÷£ï£ò£ä£ó£º climate change£» Lake Taihu£» blue-green algae blooms£» response measures
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Effects of turbulent viscosity coefficient on 3-D storm surge within shallow seas
XIONG Wei^1£¬2, ZHU Zhi-xia^1£¬2, DONG Jia^1£¬2, QI Qing-hui^1£¬2

(1. Jiangsu Province Communications Planning and Design Institute Limited Company£¬ Nanjing 210014£¬ China£» 2. Jiangsu Province Waterway Engineering Technology Research Center£¬ Nanjing 210014£¬ China)
£Á£â£ó£ô£ò£á£ã£ô£º Using a WRF atmospheric model and a 3-D ocean numerical model FVCOM based on finite volume method£¬ a three-dimensional numerical model of storm surge within Lianyungang shallow waters is developed. The 3-D storm surge during typhoon WIPHA is simulated by use of different turbulence models such as k-¦Å and MY-2.5. The simulation results of the 3-D storm surge flow and vertical turbulence viscosity coefficient are analyzed in the study. The analysis results show that£¬ compared with the poor results from MY-2.5 model£¬ the vertical velocity and direction distribution of the storm surge calculated by k-¦Å model has a good agreement with the measured data£¬ and the values of the vertical turbulence viscosity coefficient are crucial for the vertical structure of the storm surge£¬ therefore a right turbulence model is preferred. The k-¦Å turbulence model is suggested for simulation of the 3-D storm surge in the future.
£Ë£å£ù¡¡£÷£ï£ò£ä£ó£º viscosity coefficients; shallow seas; 3D numerical simulation; storm surge; vertical distribution
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A study of storm surge in radial sand ridges under sea level rising

YU Liang-liang¹, CHEN Ke-feng², LU Pei-dong², ZHANG Jun-biao¹

(1. The Second Institute of Oceanography£¬ SOA£¬ Hangzhou 310012£¬ China£» 2. Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute£¬ Nanjing 210029£¬ China)
£Á£â£ó£ô£ò£á£ã£ô£º Sea level rise would result in a serious threat to the coastal environment£¬ and an important factor is the intensifying and increasing frequency of the storm surge. The relationship between storm surge and sea level rise is not linear according to related studies. The variations of tidal waves and water depth are found to be the two main causes. Radial sand ridges off the north Jiangsu are a particularly interesting area for studying this nonlinear interaction£¬ as there exist a complex large geomorphic system and an astronomic tidal system. The paper summarizes the tide and storm surge characteristics in radial sand ridges£¬ as well as the trend of sea level change. Then a two-dimensional coupled model of astronomic tide and storm surge is established for the East China Sea and the South Yellow Sea£¬ by use of WRF model and Delft 3D storm surge model. The distributions of the maximum water level set-up and the high level change when sea level rises are analyzed£¬ under the effects of two typical typhoons which have the same path and intensity. The analysis results show that the water level set-up decreases universally in the radial sand ridges when the sea level rises£¬ and it is more significant at near shore than the open sea. While in the middle and south radial sand ridges£¬ the enhancement of the astronomical high tide level caused by the sea level rising is stronger than the attenuation of sea level rising by the storm surge.
£Ë£å£ù¡¡£÷£ï£ò£ä£ó£º radial sand ridges£» sea level rising£» storm surge£» numerical simulation
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Riverbed incision damagable to hydraulic structure and its countermeasures

LI Yan-fu, HAN Chang-hai, YANG Yu

(State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering£¬ Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute£¬ Nanjing 210029£¬ China)
£Á£â£ó£ô£ò£á£ã£ô£º Riverbed incision at the downstream of the dam would induce fall in water level and water level fluctuation. As a result£¬ the original energy dissipater of the dam can not be able to dissipate water power completely. Rising water power will destroy the energy dissipation structure. An energy dissipation structure having two steps is used in the Xiaobudong rubber dam. Due to excessive sand mining£¬ the riverbed was sharply incised for successive years£¬ the energy dissipation structure was thus destructed. The structure was reinforced many times£¬ but during a heavy flood the energy dissipation structure between the first stilling pool and the second still pool was destroyed around the whole dam line, which brought huge economic losses and threat to the Xiaobudong rubber dam. In this study£¬ based on hydraulic experiments, the failure of the energy dissipator of the Xiaobudong dam is analyzed. The connection section between the first and second energy dissipaters has been re-designed£¬ and as a result, in the first and second stilling basins, stable hydraulic jump, is formed, and the energy dissipator is found in good condition. Besides£¬ the limit depth of riverbed incision is also studied. After reinforcement measures are actually implemented£¬ the energy dissipator of the dam is able to dissipate the water power completely£¬ and the energy dissipation structure suffers no damage again. The ideas and measures of the reinforcement in this study can provide a reference for other energy dissipators facing the similar threat caused by riverbed incision.
£Ë£å£ù¡¡£÷£ï£ò£ä£ó£º riverbed incision£» energy dissipation structure£» energy dissipater having two steps£» hydraulic experiment for energy dissipation£» limit riverbed incision depth
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A rock block auto-searching and rock layer auto-tracing method

based on 2D fracture network simulation

LI Ai-hua, ZHU Jiang

(China University of Petroleum£¬ Qingdao 266580£¬China)
£Á£â£ó£ô£ò£á£ã£ô£º Rock bed scour downstream of high dams is mainly due to propagation of the fluctuating pressure within rock mass fractures. The fractures network is the storage of groundwater£¬ and its structure determines the propagation law of the fluctuating pressure. In this paper£¬ applying the Monte-Carlo simulation method£¬ a simulated network of rock fractures is obtained by compiling a Fortran program. The simulated network is equivalent to the real rock fractures network in the aspect of statistics and has similar structure characteristics with the real network. Meanwhile£¬ the cells¡ä and nodes¡ä numbers are automatically added to the network. Based on the matrix theory£¬ the network is accurately represented by the joint matrix and the loop matrix. In order to reproduce the bed scour process£¬ new methods of isolated block auto-searching and rock layer auto-tracing are proposed in the study. In this paper£¬ as an example£¬ two groups of the rock mass fractures in the area of 10 m¡Á10 m are simulated by the Monte-Carlo simulation method. The figure of the fracture network is given and the results of rock layer auto-tracing at different scour stages are given by the Monte-Carlo method. These analysis results have laid a solid foundation for numerical simulation of riverbed scour process at the downstream of high dams.
£Ë£å£ù¡¡£÷£ï£ò£ä£ó£º fractures network£» Monte-Carlo simulation method£» rock block auto-searching£» rock layer auto-tracing
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Analysis of modified coefficients for calculating dredger fill

sludge settlement under vacuum preloading

GONG Li-fei^1,2, ZHU Fang-fang², TANG Tong-zhi^1,2, WU Yue-long²

(1. Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute£¬ Nanjing 210029£¬ China£» 2. Nanjing R & D Tech Group Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210029£¬ China)
£Á£â£ó£ô£ò£á£ã£ô£º Compared with natural soft soil£¬ dredger fill sludge has high initial moisture content (100%) and high initial void ratio, even more than three. By comparing the different relevant norms£¬ it is indicated that the settlement calculation and the settlement value of the modified coefficients of the soft soil in design phase are inadequate to the dredger fill sludge. The settlement characteristics of the dredger fill sludge under vacuum preloading is analyzed by comparing the settlement calculation of the natural soft ground. The analysis results show that the range of the modified coefficients of the dredger fill sludge is much larger than that given in the norms. Additionally£¬ the settlement data of the dredger fill sludge collected from different regions have been analyzed to verify the range of the settlement modified coefficients. Fitting the relationship curves between the measured settlement and thickness of the dredger fill sludge, thus it is concluded that the ratio of the settlement and thickness in 30% of the hydraulic reclamation thickness can be taken into account in the preliminary design phase.
£Ë£å£ù¡¡£÷£ï£ò£ä£ó£º dredger fill sludge£» vacuum preloading£» settlement£» modified coefficient
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Calculation and analysis of righting capsized vessel based on GHS software

PAN De-wei¹£¬ LIN Cheng-xin¹£¬ SUN De-ping²£¬ LIU Zhi-jie¹£¬ ZHOU Chao-yu¹

(1. Transportation Equipment & Ocean Engineering£¬ Dalian Maritime University£¬ Dalian 116026£¬ China£» 2. Marine Engineering College, Dalian Maritime University£¬ Dalian 116026£¬ China)
£Á£â£ó£ô£ò£á£ã£ô£º The uprighting process of the capsized vessel considering the buoyancy and stability of the wreck has been studied in this paper. A model of the righting force for the wreck salvage is established according to the mechanical characteristics of the wreck. The analysis and calculation are demonstrated by the salvage module of GHS software in view of the problem of righting force programme£¬ which needs long computing time and large amount of data input. Taking the simulation of righting a capsized ship as an example£¬ a three-dimensional model is developed and the righting process is simulated by using GHS software. The maximum righting force and the occurring phase£¬ angle of vanishing stability and longitudinal distribution of torque values can be obtained from the analysis. And the analysis results can play a crucial role in the uprighting process of the capsized ship. The uprighting process of the inclining ship can be simulated by using GHS software£¬ which is suitable for making salvage schemes.
£Ë£å£ù¡¡£÷£ï£ò£ä£ó£º capsized vessels£» wreck salvage£» righting force£» buoyant force and stability£» GHS software
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Analysis of impact of dynamic compaction foundation cushion thickness

on bearing capacity and deformation modulus

YUE Xi-bing^1£¬2, JIANG Shun-wu³, WANG Bao-shan⁴, DENG Yong-feng¹

(1. Institute of Geotechnical Engineering£¬ Transportation College£¬ Southeast University£¬ Nanjing 210096£¬ China£» 2. Jiangsu Province Communications Planning and Design Institute Limited Company, Nanjing 210014, China£» 3. Xinhaiwan Port Co., Ltd., Lianyungang 222000, China£» 4. Project Management Department of Lianyungang Port Group Co., Ltd., Lianyungang 222000, China)
£Á£â£ó£ô£ò£á£ã£ô£º In this study, two groups of field loading tests are performed to study the influences of the cushion on the bearing capacity after the dynamic consolidation at Ganyu port in Lianyungang city. According to experimental data from two groups tests, the cushion thickness effects on the additional stress coefficient, influence depth of loading plate and average deformation modulus have been analyzed by using FEM numerical simulation. The analysis results show that the thickness of the cushion significantly reduces settlement and improves additional stress diffusion. And the additional stress coefficients would drop to below 6% of the stress at bottom of the plate at the 2 times of the plate diameter£» when the foundation comes into yielding, the coefficients would be intensified. The influence depth of the plane load test would increase with the increase of the stress level at the plate bottom, not a constant ratio to the diameter of the plate. In addition, the relationships between the average deformation modulus weighted by the cushion thickness and that back-analyzed by the PLT tests are also discussed in this paper, and the results indicate that the the average deformation modulus weighted by the cushion thickness is 1.2 times higher than that of the latter, which can be used to estimate the reasonable foundation modulus.
£Ë£å£ù¡¡£÷£ï£ò£ä£ó£º plane loading test; cushion thickness; influence depth; deformation modulus; additional stress coefficients
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Review of modeling and simulation of vessel traffic flow

XU Wu-xiong^1£¬2, CHU Xiu-min¹, LIU Xing-long¹

(1. Engineering Research Center for Transportation Safety£¬ Ministry of Education£¬ Wuhan University of Technology£¬ Wuhan 430063£¬ China£» 2. The School of Electronic and Information Engineering£¬ Hubei University of Science and Technology£¬ Xianning 437100£¬ China)
£Á£â£ó£ô£ò£á£ã£ô£º The vessel traffic flow is affected by many factors and it is difficult to describe it with an accurate mathematic model. So it is studied by means of simulation in order to analyze quantitatively or visually the behavior characteristics and laws of vessels and to evaluate the transit capacity of channels£¬ navigation risk£¬ organization and management ability and so on. In this paper£¬ a review is made on the modeling and simulation of the vessel traffic flow. Firstly the research status of simulating the vessel traffic flow is introduced£» secondly its core content and process are refined£» thirdly its modeling methods are discussed£» fourthly its key technologies are analyzed£» fifthly its main applications are summed up and finally its development trends are presented. Simulation modeling theory and method as well as implementation technology for the vessel traffic flow are not mature, and there are many problems to be solved. The domestic research lags behind that of foreign countries, therefore it is necessary to promote the relevant research to provide techuical support to the development of a green, safe and efficient maritime traffic.
£Ë£å£ù¡¡£÷£ï£ò£ä£ó£º vessel traffic flow£» modeling and simulation£» Monte Carlo method£» agent
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On interaction between submarine pipelines and seabed under action of waves

FU Chang-jing^1£¬2, LI Guo-ying¹, ZHAO Tian-long¹

(1. Nanjing Hydraulic Reasearch Institute£¬ Nanjing 210029£¬ China£» 2. College of Civil and Transportation Engineering£¬ Hohai University£¬ Nanjing 210098£¬ China)
£Á£â£ó£ô£ò£á£ã£ô£º With the rapid development of offshore oil and gas fields£¬ the length of submarine pipelines in China is over 6 000 km. In recent years£¬ the stability and security of the submarine pipeline works have been attracting more and more attention of experts and scholars because the accidents take place frequently. The interaction between the submarine pipelines and seabed is the main part in pipeline stability research. On the basis of literature reading£¬ the current status of the experimental research on the interaction between the seabed and the submarine pipelines has been analized£¬ including the types of mechanical loading tests£¬ flume model tests£¬ and centrifuge model tests£¬ as well as the status of theoretical studies£¬ including analysis methods and numerical methods. Finally£¬ the problems concerning the interaction between the submarine pipeline and seabed that need to be further studied are expounded. The analysis results show that the establishment of a constitutive model is an important approach to the study of the interaction among wave, seabed, and pipelines and the stability of the pipelines in the future.
£Ë£å£ù¡¡£÷£ï£ò£ä£ó£º wave action£» subsea pipeline£» seabed£» interaction of pipe and soil£» pipeline stability