《水利水运工程学报》2014年第3期目录与摘要_南京水利科学研究院版

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2014年6月第3期（总第145期）

(双月刊)
目次

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潜没式高趾墙土压力与稳定计算方法…………………………………………傅中志，王占军，陈生水(1)
混凝土K-R阻力曲线的实用解析方法……………………………莫卓凯，董伟，吴智敏，曲秀华(9)
圆形截面钢管钢筋混凝土构件承载力的计算………………………王廷伟，贡金鑫，吴志良，朱晓瑜(18)
基于声发射信号表征混凝土断裂过程的异常现象………………………………范向前，胡少伟，陆俊(26)
平交口门区水动力特征试验研究……………………………………陆银军，假冬冬，万乾山，张幸农(32)
港区沥青铺面面层的等效温度……………………………………………………………胡洪龙，谈至明(37)
西江长洲枢纽下游近坝段水位下降特征及调控措施……庞雪松，杜敬民，假冬冬，张幸农，曹民雄(42)
我国水库大坝风险评价与决策研究…………………………彭雪辉，盛金保，李雷，张士辰，刘来红(49)
基于正交试验法的海堤安全监控控制标准…………………………………………………胡珩，董志良(55)
潮间带地区跨海大桥设计流速计算分析………………………………翟剑峰，东培华，熊伟，董佳(62)
利用PLAXIS软件计算考虑降雨的边坡稳定性
………………………………………………孔郁斐，周梦佳，宋二祥，杨军，张龙英，施洪刚，刘剑(70)
不同垂直荷载与剪切速率条件下水泥稳定风化砂直剪试验研究
…………………………………………………………………杨俊，杨志，张国栋，唐云伟，陈红萍(77)
基于FLUENT的库区涌浪数值模拟……………………………………邓成进，袁秋霜，侯延华，贾巍(84)
秦淮河船闸扩容改造工程围堰设计方案优化…………………………丁跃，张友利，唐云清，王玉波(92)
降雨入渗过程中土质边坡稳定性计算……………………邢小弟，张磊，谈叶飞，邱城春，谢兴华(98)

HYDRO-SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
(Bimonthly)
Jun. 2014 No.3 (Total No.145)

CONTENTS

Calculation method for earth pressure and stability of high submerged toe walls of concrete faced rockfill dams
………………………………………………FU Zhong-zhi，WANG Zhan-jun，CHEN Sheng-shui(1)
A practical analytical approach to determine K-R curves of concrete
………………………………………………MO Zhuo-kai，DONG Wei，WU Zhi-min，QU Xiu-hua(9)
Calculation method for load-carrying capacity of circular reinforced concrete members covered with steel tube
……………………………………WANG Ting-wei，GONG Jin-xin，WU Zhi-liang，ZHU Xiao-yu(18)
Experimental analysis of abnormal phenomena in concrete fracture process based on acoustic emission signals-characterization
……………………………………………………………FAN Xiang-qian，HU Shao-wei，LU Jun(26)
Experimental studies on hydrodynamic characteristics in level crossing entrance area of the river confluence
………………………………LU Yin-jun，JIA Dong-dong，WAN Qian-shan，ZHANG Xing-nong(32)
Equivalent temperature for the port asphalt pavement surface course
………………………………………………………………………HU Hong-long，TAN Zhi-ming(37)
Water level drop characteristics and its control measures for lower near-dam reaches of Changzhou hydro-junction on the Xijiang River
…………PANG Xue-Song，DU Jing-min，JIA Dong-dong，ZHANG Xing-nong，CAO Min-xiong (42)
Dam risk evaluation and decisionmaking research of China
……………………PENG Xue-hui，SHENG Jin-bao，LI Lei，ZHANG Shi-chen，LIU Lai-hong(49)
Monitoring control standard for seawall based on orthogonal design
…………………………………………………………………………HU Heng，DONG Zhi-liang(55)
Calculation and analysis of design current velocity for Lianyungang Haibin bridge in intertidal zone
…………………………………………ZHAI Jian-feng，DONG Pei-hua，XIONG Wei，DONG Jia(62)
Slope stability analysis in consideration of rainfall influence based on PLAXIS software
…………………………………………KONG Yu-fei，ZHOU Meng-jia，SONG Er-xiang，YANG Jun，
ZHANG Long-ying，SHI Hong-gang，LIU Jian(70)
Direct shear test analysis of cement-stabilized weathered sand under different vertical loads and shear rates
………………YANG Jun，YANG Zhi，ZHANG Guo-dong，TANG Yun-wei，CHEN Hong-ping(77)
Numerical simulation of the surge based on FLUENT software
……………………………………DENG Cheng-jin，YUAN Qiu-shuang，HOU Yan-hua，JIA Wei(84)
Cofferdam design optimization for modification work of Qinhuai River shiplock
……………………………………DING Yue，ZHANG You-li，TANG Yun-qing，WANG Yu-bo(92)
Calculation method for soil slope stability under the action of precipitation infiltration
……………………XING Xiao-di，ZHANG Lei，TAN Ye-fei，QIU Cheng-chun，XIE Xing-hua(98)

潜没式高趾墙土压力与稳定计算方法
傅中志，王占军，陈生水
(南京水利科学研究院水利部土石坝破坏机理与防控技术重点实验室，江苏南京 210029)

摘要：潜没式高趾墙是许多混凝土面板堆石坝中重要的水工建筑物，其墙背堆石体的表面水压力不是均布荷载，且作用线与竖直向存在一非零夹角，与多数挡土墙设计规范中竖直向下的均布荷载差别很大，不能直接套用规范给出的公式计算其承受的土压力。根据库伦土压力理论，探讨了潜没式高趾墙主动和被动土压力的计算方法，并运用案例证实了通过改变滑裂面倾角和数值试算方法确定土压力的必要性；分析了需进行高趾墙抗滑稳定分析的两类特定情形，即水平水压力低于主动土压力水平分量或水平水压力高于被动土压力水平分量（若水平水压力介于两者之间，则不存在抗滑稳定问题）。文中还探讨了高趾墙抗倾覆分析需进一步研究的问题及可行方法。

关键词：面板堆石坝；高趾墙；土压力；稳定分析

Calculation method for earth pressure and stability of high submerged toe walls of
concrete faced rockfill dams

FU Zhong-zhi， WANG Zhan-jun，CHEN Sheng-shui
(Key Laboratory of Failure Mechanism and Safety Control Techniques of Earth-Rock Dam, Ministry of Water Resources，Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute，Nanjing 210029，China)

Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： High submerged toe walls are important hydraulic structures in many concrete face rockfill dams. The surface load exerted upon the backfilled rockfill materials is the hydraulic pressure， which is neither evenly distributed nor vertically downward. This load condition is evidently different from that given by designing codes of the retaining walls， in which the surface load is generally vertically downward and evenly distributed. Therefore， evaluating the earth pressure according to such designing specifications may give improper results. In this study， based on Coulomb′s earth pressure theory， the methods for evaluating the active earth pressure and the passive earth pressure on the high submerged toe walls are discussed. The necessity of numerical calculation of the earth pressures by changing the inclination angle of the slipping mass over its possible range is clarified by simple case studies. Two specific conditions that require further stability analysis for the high toe walls are also fixed， namely the horizontal water pressure is less than the horizontal component of the active earth pressure or more than the horizontal component of the passive earth pressure on the high toe walls (the slidingresistance stability problem doesn′t exist when the horizontal water pressure is between the horizontal component of the active earth pressure and the horizontal component of the passive earth pressure on the high toe walls). Moreover， the problems regarding the evaluation of the overturn moment of the high toe walls and the feasible approach to solve the problems are pointed out in the paper.
Ｋｅｙ　ｗｏｒｄｓ： concrete face rockfill dam； high toe wall； earth pressure； stability analysis

混凝土KR阻力曲线的实用解析方法
莫卓凯，董伟，吴智敏，曲秀华
(大连理工大学海岸和近海工程国家重点实验室，辽宁大连 116024)

摘要：根据混凝土Ⅰ型裂缝扩展准则，提出了新的KR阻力曲线及计算新方法。该KR阻力曲线认为，裂缝的扩展阻力由混凝土材料起裂断裂韧度KiniIc和黏聚力提供的阻力组成并等于裂缝扩展的驱动力。采用该方法，只需给出混凝土的起裂断裂韧度KiniIc，弹性模量E，抗拉强度ft和断裂能GF便可计算混凝土的KR阻力曲线，而无需测定试件的荷载-裂缝口张开位移(P-CMOD)全曲线。在此基础上，研究了混凝土三点弯曲梁试件强度等级从C20到C120的KR阻力曲线，计算了强度相同初始缝高比不同以及初始缝高比相同而试件高度不同的混凝土KR阻力曲线，并探讨了各种情况下的断裂过程区长度以及黏聚力分布。研究结果表明：混凝土强度等级提高，KR阻力曲线上升，但其上升幅值逐渐减小，强度等级在C60以后，其上升幅值趋于稳定；混凝土的KR阻力曲线存在一定的尺寸效应，当韧带长度足够大时，KR阻力先增大，而后趋于稳定；混凝土强度等级提高，最大完整断裂过程区长度减小；试件的尺寸对断裂过程区长度也有着较大影响。

关键词：混凝土；KR阻力曲线；断裂过程区；裂缝；黏聚力；起裂断裂韧度

A practical analytical approach to determine K-R curves of concrete

MO Zhuo-kai，DONG Wei，WU Zhi-min，QU Xiu-hua
(State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering， Dalian University of Technology， Dalian 116024， China)

Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： Based on the crack propagation criterion for the mode I crack， a practical analytical method is developed for determining the crack extension resistance curves of concrete. In this method， the crack extension resistance is composed of the initial fracture toughness KiniIc and the resistance caused by the cohesive force， equaling the driving force of the crack extension. It is concluded that as long as the initial fracture toughness KiniIc， the elastic modulus E， the tensile strength ft and the fracture energy GF of concrete are obtained，the KR extension resistance curves can be calculated by using this method without testing the load-crack mouth opening displacement curves. Further， the practical analytical method is applied to calculate the KR extension resistance curves，the fracture process zone lengths and the cohesive stress distribution for concrete with varied strength grades from C20 to C120，different initial crack length/depth ratios and different depths under the three-point bending conditions. Based on the numerical analysis results， it is found that the KR extension resistance curves increase with the increase of the strength grades，but the growth amplitude decreases，and when the strength grades is larger than C60， the growth amplitude will tend to be stable； the KR extension resistance curves are dependent of the initial crack length and specimen depth，and when the ligament is long enough， the crack extension resistance increases and then tends to be stable；the maximum lengths of the complete fracture process zone decrease with the increase of concrete strength grades；and the specimen size has remarkable impacts upon the fracture process zone length.

Ｋｅｙ　ｗｏｒｄｓ： concrete； KR extension resistance curve；fracture process zone (FPZ)；crack； cohesive force；fracture toughness of concrete cracking

圆形截面钢管钢筋混凝土构件承载力的计算
王廷伟1，贡金鑫1，吴志良2，朱晓瑜1
(1.大连理工大学建设工程学部，辽宁大连 116024；2. 中交第三航务勘察设计院有限公司，上海 200032)

摘要：对8个圆形截面钢管钢筋混凝土构件进行了轴心受压和偏心受压试验，采用有限元法和纤维模型法对构件承载力进行了计算，提出了圆形截面钢管钢筋混凝土构件承载力的简化计算方法。研究表明，圆形截面钢管钢筋混凝土具有与钢管混凝土和钢筋混凝土相同的特点，按有限元法计算的构件承载力偏小，而按纤维模型法计算的构件承载力与试验结果符合较好。圆形截面钢管钢筋混凝土构件的承载力可通过将钢管视为普通钢筋，将混凝土视为钢管约束混凝土的双层钢筋约束混凝土构件，采用圆形截面钢筋混凝土构件承载力的计算方法进行简化计算。按简化方法计算的圆形截面钢管钢筋混凝土构件的承载力也与试验结果符合较好。

关键词：钢管钢筋混凝土；圆形截面；承载力；有限元法；纤维模型法

Calculation method for load-carrying capacity of circular reinforced
concrete members covered with steel tube

WANG Ting-wei1，GONG Jin-xin1，WU Zhi-liang2，ZHU Xiao-yu1
(1. Faculty of Infrastructure Engineering， Dalian University of Technology， Dalian 116024， China； 2. CCCC Third Harbor Consultants Company Limited，Shanghai 200032，China)

Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： Axial and eccentric compression experiments are carried out on 8 circular reinforced concrete specimens covered with steel tube， and the finite element method and the fiber model method are used to calculate the load-carrying capacity of the specimens. Based on the experimental and theoretical analysis，a simplified calculation method of the load-carrying capacity for this kind of member is proposed in the study. The analysis indicate that the finite element method result is relatively small， and that the results of the load-carrying capacity of the specimens calculated by the fiber model method agree well with the experimental results. The circular reinforced concrete members covered with steel tube present the characteristics of both the reinforced concrete and concrete filled steel tube members，showing higher load-carrying capacity and greater deformability. The load-carrying capacity of circular reinforced concrete members covered with steel tube can be calculated by the method of the reinforced concrete member with the confined concrete. The load-carrying capacity of the circular reinforced concrete members covered with steel tube calculated by the simplified method is in good agreement with the experimental results.
Ｋｅｙ　ｗｏｒｄｓ： reinforced concrete members covered with steel tube；circular section；loadcarrying capacity；finite element method；fiber model method

基于声发射信号表征混凝土断裂过程的异常现象
范向前，胡少伟，陆俊
(南京水利科学研究院水文水资源与水利工程科学国家重点实验室，江苏南京 210029)

摘要：混凝土作为一种人工石材，由于浇筑过程的影响，其断裂破坏过程不可避免地存在一定随机性。利用声发射实时动态无损监测技术，分析了带预制裂缝混凝土三点弯曲梁试件裂缝扩展发生偏移和钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁破坏荷载循环增减等特殊试验现象存在的客观性。试验分析发现，预制裂缝尖端粗骨料的存在，致使裂缝并非沿着预制裂缝直接向前扩展，而是出现绕道扩展的现象；配筋率过大时，钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁试件的破坏荷载值将维持在钢筋极限屈服强度附近循环变化。可见，钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁试件的失稳荷载取决于配筋率的高低。研究成果表明声发射技术可为开展混凝土损伤断裂试验提供一种新的研究手段。

关键词：混凝土；断裂过程；声发射；裂缝；循环荷载

Experimental analysis of abnormal phenomena in concrete fracture
process based on acoustic emission signals characterization

FAN Xiang-qian，HU Shao-wei，LU Jun
(State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering， Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute， Nanjing 210029， China)

Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： As a kind of artificial stone， the fracture failure process of concrete must have some randomness owing to impacts caused by concrete placement. Based on the acoustic emission dynamic nondestructive detecting technology， the objectivity of special test phenomenan has been analyzed for both the crack propagation with deviation of notched concrete three-point bending beam and the failure load reciprocating increase and decrease of the reinforced concrete three-point bending beam. It is found from the experimental results that the cracks propagate around the coarse aggregate rather than along the prefabricated crack because the coarse aggregate is just poured in the prefabricated crack tip. When the ratio of reinforcement is too high， the failure load of the reinforced concrete will vary near the yield strength of the bar cyclicly. It is thus clear that the instable load of the reinforced concrete three-point bending beam specimen would depend on the level of the ratio of concrete reinforcement bar. The research results indicate that the acoustic emission technology can be taken as a new research method for damage and fracture of concrete.
Ｋｅｙ　ｗｏｒｄｓ： concrete； fracture process； acoustic emission； crack； cyclic loading

平交口门区水动力特征试验研究
陆银军1，假冬冬2，万乾山1，张幸农2
(1. 江苏省水利勘测设计研究院有限公司，江苏扬州 225127； 2. 南京水利科学研究院水文水资源与水利工程科学国家重点实验室，江苏南京 210029)

摘要：平原河网地区河道纵横交错，平交口门区(“+”型交汇区)水流受交汇河道共同影响，水动力特征复杂。以新沟河三山港—武进港与京杭运河平交口门区为例，对其水动力特征进行了试验研究，并探讨了不同边界条件下的变化规律。受三山港吸流影响，京杭运河来流流至三山港口门时水流明显左偏并进入三山港，出现一定范围的横流区；受武进港出流顶托作用，位于武进港出口上游的运河右侧出现一较大范围的回流区，其范围随着武进港出流流速的减小而减小。河道边界对口门区水动力特征存在明显影响，流速较大一侧边界条件的改变对水动力特征的影响最明显。在类似平交口门区，需改变流速分布时，可优先考虑调整流速较大侧边界。

关键词：平原河网；平交口门；水流特征；横向流速；试验研究

Experimental studies on hydrodynamic characteristics in level crossing
entrance area of the river confluence

LU Yin-jun1，JIA Dong-dong2，WAN Qian-shan1，ZHANG Xing-nong2
(1. Jiangsu Surveying and Design Institute of Water Resources Co.， Ltd.， Yangzhou 225127， China； 2. State Key Laboratory of HydrologyWater Resources and Hydraulic Engineering， Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute， Nanjing 210029， China)

Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： Usually in the plain a river which has separated into a number of entwined channels called the plain river network areas, where the flow concentration region is a common occurrence. Hydrodynamic characteristics of flow structure in the level crossing entrance area (i.e. +-shaped river confluence) are very complex due to common impacts given by crossing river channels. In this study, model tests on the hydrodynamic characteristics of the flow structure have been carried out and the law of variation under different boundary conditions is investigated， taking the level crossing entrance, where the Sanshan port-Wujin port is located at the Xingou River across the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, as a study example. Affected by suction flow of the Sanshan port, the current obviously flows towards the left side and flows into the Sanshan port during the inflow from the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal to the Sanshan port entrance area, which results in a transverse-current area with in a certain range; affected by the Wujin port outflow′s backwater effect, the reverse current zone with a larger range appears along the right side of the Grand Canal located on the upstream outlet of the Wujin port, and the range of the reverse current zone decreases with the decrease of flow velocity from the Wujin port. The river channel boundaries have significant impacts upon the hydrodynamic characteristics of the entrance area and the change in the boundary conditions of the larger side where flow velocity is higher, which has the most obvious impacts upon the hydrodynamic characteristics. In the similar level crossing entrance area, regulation of the boundary conditions of the larger side where flow velocity is higher should taken into account when the velocity distribution is in need of change, especially for the boundary with larger flow velocity.
Ｋｅｙ　ｗｏｒｄｓ： plain river network areas； level crossing entrance (river confluence)； flow pattern； transverse velocity； experimental study

港区沥青铺面面层的等效温度
胡洪龙，谈至明
(同济大学，交通运输工程学院，道路与交通工程教育部重点实验室，上海 201804)

摘要：不同于常规公路路面结构所承受的车辆荷载，港区铺面结构具有承受装运机械荷载类型多、荷载量大、运行速度低和重复作用次数少等特点。根据港区沥青铺面设计准则，分别基于面层层底弯拉应变、半刚性基层层底弯拉应力、土基顶面压应变等3个设计指标和Miner损伤叠加原理，介绍了港区沥青铺面面层等效温度概念及其计算方法；建立了基准状况下面层等效温度与地区海拔、铺面表面温度年均值及其标准差之间的回归式；为了简便实用，又建立了基准面层等效温度与2个常见的气象参数即年平均气温和月平均气温年极差之间的回归关系式；绘制了全国基准面层等效温度等值线图；总结了非基准各因素对面层等效温度的影响规律，给出了近似修正式。

关键词：港区；铺面工程；面层等效温度；疲劳寿命；修正系数； Miner叠加原理

Equivalent temperature for the port asphalt pavement surface course

HU Hong-long，TAN Zhi-ming
(Key Laboratory of Road and Traffic Engineering of Ministry of Education， School of Transportation Engineering， Tongji University， Shanghai 201804， China)

Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： Unlike the vehicle loading upon the conventional road pavement structure, the port pavement structure is characterized by many types of shipping mechanical loads, heavy load carrying capacity, low operating speed and having no more repetition frequency of the vehicle loading. According to the port asphalt pavement design criteria， based on the tensile strain at the bottom of the surface course， the tensile stress at the bottom of the semi-rigid course， the compression strain on the top of the subgrade and Miner damage superimposed principle， conception and calculation method of the equivalent temperature for the port asphalt pavement surface course are introduced in this study. Regression formulas among the standard equivalent temperatures for the surface course， the altitude of the asphalt pavement located， pavement surface average temperature and its standard deviation over the years are established. To be simple and practical， the regression formulas between the equivalent temperature for the surface course and two common meteorological parameters, annual average temperature and difference of the highest and lowest monthly average temperature, are established. The contour maps in China of the equivalent temperatures for the surface course are drawn. Finally， the influence rules of various factors on the equivalent temperatures for the surface course are summarized and an approximate modified formula is given.
Ｋｅｙ　ｗｏｒｄｓ： harbor district； pavement engineering； equivalent temperature for surface course； fatigue life； modified coefficient； Miner superimposed principle

西江长洲枢纽下游近坝段水位下降特征及调控措施
庞雪松1，杜敬民1，假冬冬2，张幸农2，曹民雄2
(1. 广西壮族自治区港航管理局，广西南宁 530012； 2. 南京水利科学研究院水文水资源与水利工程科学国家重点实验室，江苏南京 210029)

摘要：受清水下泄、河道采砂、航道疏浚等因素影响，长洲枢纽坝下河床冲刷下切，枯水期水位下降明显。依据梧州水文站水位、流量资料，对长洲枢纽下游近坝段水位下降特征及影响因素进行分析，并对减缓坝下水位下降的调控措施进行了模型试验研究。研究结果表明：2012年梧州水文站设计水位较原设计值下降1.30 m左右；2000—2006年水位下降主要受自然演变和采砂等影响；2007—2012年水位下降的主要影响因素包括枢纽运行、航道整治、采砂等，其中枢纽运行带来的影响随着时间的推移将逐渐减小。经资料分析与模型试验研究发现：深槽回填、修筑壅水丁坝对减缓坝下水位下降的作用有限，而枢纽调节（提高下泄流量、增加外江分流比）对延缓坝下水位下降则效果相对明显。

关键词：长洲枢纽；水位下降；河床下切；调控措施；西江；下游近坝段

Water level drop characteristics and its control measures for lower
Near-dam reaches of Changzhou hydro-junction on the Xijiang River

PANG Xue-Song1，DU Jing-min1，JIA Dong-dong2，ZHANG Xing-nong2，CAO Min-xiong2
(1. Guangxi Bureau of Port Management， Nanning 530012， China； 2. State Key Laboratory of HydrologyWater Resources and Hydraulic Engineering， Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute， Nanjing 210029， China)

Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： Riverbed degradation and considerable falling of water level along the downstream channel of the Changzhou hydro-junction are due to the factors of released clear water， sand mining and waterway dredging, etc. According to the measured water level and flow discharge data from Wuzhou hydrometric station， the characteristics of the water level drop and its influencing factors on the lower near-dam reaches of the Changzhou hydro-junction are analyzed. In addition，the control measures to slow down the water level drop have been investigated in the physical model tests. The design water level given by the Wuzhou hydrometric station in 2012 was approximate 1.30 m lower than the initial design value. The water level drop is mainly due to the natural evolution and sand mining during the period of 2000 to 2006. Reservior operation， waterway regulation and sand mining were the main influence factors from 2007 to 2012, however, the impact on the reservoir operation will gradually decrease. Analysis of data and model test studies show that the deep pool backfilling and construction of the spur dikes play a limited role in slowing down the water level drop; by contrast, the regulation of the hydro-junction (including raising the discharge, and increasing the diversion ratio of the outside river channel) can considerably slow down the water level drop along the lower near-dam reaches.
Ｋｅｙ　ｗｏｒｄｓ： Changzhou hydro-junction； water level drop； riverbed degradation； control measures； Xijinag River； lower near-dam reaches

我国水库大坝风险评价与决策研究
彭雪辉1，盛金保1，李雷1，张士辰1，刘来红2
(1. 南京水利科学研究院，江苏南京 210029； 2. 南京南瑞集团公司，江苏南京210032)

摘要：对水库大坝风险进行了分类和分区，分析了成文法和不成文法两类不同法律体系下的风险标准特点，提出将我国大坝风险分为可接受风险、可容忍风险、不可接受风险和极高风险4个区域。在基于风险评价一般原则基础上，分析了ALARP原则在不成文法国家及我国的内涵，阐述了成本效益法和失衡法在ALARP原则中的作用及使用方法，提出了水库大坝风险决策原则，为我国水库大坝风险标准的制定提供了理论依据。

关键词：大坝风险；风险分类和分区；风险评价； ALARP原则；风险决策

Dam risk evaluation and decision-making research of China

PENG Xue-hui1，SHENG Jin-bao1，LI Lei1，ZHANG Shi-chen1，LIU Lai-hong2
(1. Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute， Nanjing 210029， China； 2. Nanjing Nari Group Corporation， Nanjing 210032， China)

Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： The classification and subregion of reservoir dam risk degree have been given in the study. By analyzing the features of the risk criteria in the civil code of law and the common law systems， it is suggested that the domestic dam risks can be classified into four regions： acceptable risk， tolerable risk， unacceptable risk and extremely high risk. Based on general principles of the risk evaluation， the implications of ALARP principle both in the countries with the common law and in our country are analyzed， and effects and applications of cost effectiveness method and disproportionality ratio method in ALARP principle are stated in this paper. Finally， the principles of dam risk decision-making are establised on a scientific analysis base， which will provide a sound theoretical basis for further research on dam risk and the formulation of dam risk criteria in China.
Ｋｅｙ　ｗｏｒｄｓ： dam risk； risk classification and subregion； risk evaluation； ALARP principle； risk decisionmaking

基于正交试验法的海堤安全监控控制标准
胡珩，董志良
(中交四航工程研究院有限公司，广东广州 510230)

摘要：海堤施工期安全稳定受到多种因素的影响，一直都是工程建设中的难点。施工监控是提高海堤施工期安全的有效方法，但施工监控的质量很大程度上取决于监控控制标准的合理性，合理有效的监控控制标准是保障施工安全的重要前提。目前工程应用中仍以经验控制为主，缺乏理论依据。结合某海堤工程，利用正交试验法对影响海堤稳定的各种因素进行分析，得到了影响海堤稳定的最主要影响因素为内摩擦角，并基于此分析了海堤安全系数与水平位移速率的关系，最终提出了水平位移速率监控控制标准。工程实践表明，该控制标准能较好地反映海堤变形特点，具有较好的工程指导意义，可为类似工程制定科学合理的控制标准提供参考。

关键词：海堤稳定；正交试验法；水平位移速率；施工监控；控制标准

Monitoring control standard for seawall based on orthogonal design

HU Heng，DONG Zhi-liang
(CCCC Fourth Harbor Engineering Institute Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510230， China)

Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： The seawall stability influenced by many factors has always been one of the difficult problems in engineering construction. Construction monitoring is an available method to improve the safety of the seawall, which has been widely used in seawall construction of hydraulic engineering and portwaterway engineering. However, the quality of the construction monitoring mostly depends upon reasonableness of the control standard, and a reasonable and available monitoring control standard is the important prerequisite to ensure the construction monitoring. At present, in the current engineering practice the control standard is still mainly based on engineering experiences, lacking in appropriate theoretical basis. Taking a seawall project as a case study, many factors of the seawall stability are analyzed with the orthogonal design, and it is found that the most important factor impacting the seawall stability is the angle of internal friction. And based on this point for analyzing the relationship between the safety factors and the horizontal displacement rates, the monitoring control standard of the horizontal displacement rates is put forward. The engineering practice, showing that the control standards can well reflect the deformation characteristics of the seawall, can provide a lot of references for similar works in the development of scientific and reasonable control standards.
Ｋｅｙ　ｗｏｒｄｓ： seawall stability； orthogonal design； horizontal displacement rate； construction monitoring； control standard

潮间带地区跨海大桥设计流速计算分析
翟剑峰1，2，东培华1，2，熊伟1，2，董佳1，2
(1. 江苏省交通规划设计院股份有限公司，江苏南京 210005； 2. 江苏省水运工程技术研究中心，江苏南京 211100)

摘要：在大桥设计中设计流速是一项重要参数，其预测的准确性事关桥梁的安全施工和安全运行。通常采用实测资料分析推求或数学模型计算两种预测方法。为确保跨海大桥施工和运行的安全性，需要对设计流速进行准确预测。利用数学模型预测工程区域可能最大流速是一种有效的方法。应用基于有限体积法的二维浅水方程和干湿边界处理技术，建立了工程海区的潮流数学模型，并结合实测资料进行验证。在此基础上，考虑了有无风浪作用的不同工况组合，计算分析得到潮间带地区大桥工程位置在不同重现期的设计流速，为桥梁设计和相关物理模型试验研究提供重要参数。计算分析结果表明，风浪对潮间带地区的流场影响较大，桥梁设计流速计算时应充分考虑这一关键因素，以此保证桥梁施工和运行安全。

关键词：跨海大桥；潮间带；干湿边界；重现期；数值模拟；风浪作用

Calculation and analysis of design current velocity for Lianyungang Haibin bridge in intertidal zone

ZHAI Jian-feng1,2，DONG Pei-hua1,2，XIONG Wei1,2，DONG Jia1,2
(1. Jiangsu Provincial Communications Planning and Design Institute Co., Ltd.， Nanjing 210005， China； 2. Water Transport Engineering Research Center of Jiangsu Province， Nanjing 211100， China)

Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： As one of the important parameters in the design of the bridge, the design current velocity is closely related to the safety of the bridge construction and its safe operation. Usually two kinds of prediction methods including analysis by the measured data and calculation by a mathematical model are used in the engineering practices. In order to ensure the safety of the bridge construction and normal operation， it is necessary to accurately predict the design current velocity. It is an available approach to use the mathematical model to predict possible maximum current velocity in the construction area. Therefore the mathematical model calculating the tidal current in the engineering sea area is developed by use of 2D shallow water equation and wet/dry boundary treatment technique based on the finite volume method, and the model verification is carried out using the measured data. On this basis， taking account of combinations of different working conditions with and without wind and waves, the design current velocity for the bridge construction position in the intertidal zone at different recurrence intervals is calculated and analyzed,which has provided important parameters for the bridge design and physical model tests. The calculated and analyzed results show that the key factors such as wind and waves should be considered in calculating design current velocity for bridge construction because they would cause greater impacts on the flow field in the intertidal zone.
Ｋｅｙ　ｗｏｒｄｓ： seacrossing bridge； intertidal zone； wet/dry boundary； recurrence intervals; numerical simulation; action by wind and waves

利用PLAXIS软件计算考虑降雨的边坡稳定性
孔郁斐1，周梦佳1，宋二祥1，杨军1，张龙英2，施洪刚2，刘剑2
(1. 清华大学土木工程安全与耐久教育部重点实验室，北京 100084； 2. 中国建筑股份有限公司，北京 100000)

摘要：降雨条件下的边坡稳定性分析，需要同时考虑水的渗流与边坡内力进行耦合计算。非饱和土的特殊性质增加了计算难度，其渗透性、强度都会随含水量的变化而变化。介绍了非饱和土的有效应力原理，并比较了PLAXIS 和Geo-Studio两款软件使用的有效应力原理和破坏准则的异同。PLAXIS软件中用有限元法计算非饱和土的渗流问题，利用简化的Bishop有效应力公式进行固结、变形及边坡稳定性计算，土体本构关系根据需要选用；Geo-Studio软件中也使用有限元法计算非饱和渗流，但其边坡安全系数计算方法为极限平衡法，强度准则为Fredlund双变量理论。最后结合算例详细介绍了PLAXIS软件中进行非饱和土边坡计算的建模方法。算例显示，PLAXIS软件中建立的计算模型可以准确反映降雨过程中边坡安全系数的变化规律。今后的工程设计中，可以考虑使用这一软件进行非饱和土边坡设计计算。

关键词：非饱和土；降雨渗流；土坡稳定；耦合计算； PLAXIS软件； Geo-Studio软件

Slope stability analysis in consideration of rainfall influence based on PLAXIS software
KONG Yu-fei1，ZHOU Meng-jia1，SONG Er-xiang1，YANG Jun1，
ZHANG Long-ying2，SHI Hong-gang2，LIU Jian2
(1. Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Safety and Durability of China Ministry of Education， Tsinghua University， Beijing 100084， China； 2. China State Construction Engineering Co.，Ltd.， Beijing 100000， China)

Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： In order to analyze the slope stability in consideration of the rainfall influences， it is necessary to couple the calculation of the rainfall infiltration and the slope internal force. Special characteristics of the unsaturated soils make the calculation more complex, because the soil′s hydraulic permeability and strength would change with moisture content. In the paper the principle of the effective stress of the unsaturated soils is introduced. The similarities and differences of the principle of effective stress and failure criteria used in the PLAXIS and Geo-Studio softwares are compared. In PLAXIS, the finite element method is used for unsaturated seepage calculation and a simplified Bishop effective stress formula is applied to the calculation of consolidation, deformation and slope stability. The constitutive models for the saturated soils can be used on that basis. The Geo-Studio uses the finite element method for the unsaturated seepage calculation and the limit equilibrium method for the calculation of the slope safety factor, in consideration of Fredlund′s bilinear strength criterion. Finally, details of the method for modeling the unsaturated slopes in PLAXIS are presented with calculation examples. The calculation examples show that the models in PLAXIS can accurately reflect rainfall-induced slope safety factor variation. Therefore, this software can be adopted for the unsaturated soil slope design and calculation in the future.
Ｋｅｙ　ｗｏｒｄｓ： unsaturated soil； rainfall infiltration； slope stability； coupling calculation； PLAXIS software； Geo-Studio software

不同垂直荷载与剪切速率条件下水泥稳定风化砂直剪试验研究
杨俊1,2，杨志1,2，张国栋1,2，唐云伟3，陈红萍4
(1. 三峡大学三峡地区地质灾害与生态环境湖北省协同创新中心，湖北宜昌 443002； 2. 三峡大学土木与建筑学院，湖北宜昌 443002； 3. 宜昌市交通运输局，湖北宜昌 443002； 4. 宜昌市公路管理局，湖北宜昌 443002)

摘要：以湖北宜昌三峡库区风化砂为研究对象，在风化砂中掺入不同量的水泥，然后改变剪切速率、改变上覆垂直荷载，进行室内直接剪切试验，研究了剪切速率、垂直荷载对不同掺量水泥稳定风化砂抗剪强度指标的影响。试验结果表明：剪切速率、垂直荷载对水泥稳定风化砂抗剪强度指标有明显影响。在相同的剪切速率和垂直荷载下，水泥稳定风化砂的黏聚力会随着水泥掺量的增加显著提高，但内摩擦角会先增大再减小；在相同的水泥掺量下，增大剪切速率和垂直荷载均会显著增大水泥稳定风化砂的黏聚力而减小其内摩擦角。剪切速率较大时，试样在剪切破坏过程中不仅要克服颗粒间的滑移,还要克服颗粒的旋转、滚动与换位阻力，使黏聚力增大。较大的垂直荷载会使试样产生较大的压缩固结，粒间的孔隙减少，孔隙间的水应力和垂向附加应力增大，砂颗粒间的相互作用力加强，抗剪强度提高。

关键词：水泥；风化砂；剪切速率；垂直荷载；抗剪强度；黏聚力；内摩擦角

Direct shear test analysis of cement-stabilized weathered sand under different vertical loads and shear rates
YANG Jun1，2，YANG Zhi1，2，ZHANG Guo-dong1，2，TANG Yun-wei3，CHEN Hong-ping4
(1. Collaborative Innovation Center of Geological Hazards and Ecological Environment in Three Gorges Area in Hubei Province， China Three Gorges University， Yichang 443002，China； 2. Civil and Architectural Institute， China Three Gorges University， Yichang 443002， China； 3. Yichang Transport Bureau， Yichang 443002， China； 4. Yichang Highway Administration， Yichang 443002， China)

Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： Taking the weathered sand situated in the Three Gorges reservoir area as the research object, mixing different amounts of cement with the weathered sand, and then changing the shear rates, changing the overlying vertical load, indoor direct shear tests have been carried out. This study has analyzed the impacts of the shear rates, the vertical load on the shear strength index of the cement-stabilized weathered sand having different cement contents. Experimental analysis results show that the shear rate and the vertical load have a significant effect upon the shear strength index of the cement-stabilized weathered sand. By the same action of the shear rates and the vertical load, the cohesive force of the cement-stabilized weathered sand will significantly increase with increase in the cement content, but the internal friction angle will first become great and then small; when the cement content is the same, increasing the shear rates and the vertical load will significantly increase the cohesive force of the cement-stabilized weathered sand and reduce its internal friction angle. When the shear rates are large, the sample in the process of shear failure not only overcomes the slip among the particles, but also overcomes the rotation of the particles and the transposition rolling resistance to increase the cohesive force. Larger vertical load will make the specimen have greater compression consolidation, reduce intergranular porosity, increase the water stress and the vertical additional stress within pores, and finally enhance the intergranular interaction force as well as the shear strength of the weathered sand.

Ｋｅｙ　ｗｏｒｄｓ： cement; weathered sand; shear rate; vertical load; shear strength; cohesive force; internal friction angle

基于FLUENT的库区涌浪数值模拟
邓成进，袁秋霜，侯延华，贾巍
(中国水电顾问集团西北勘测设计研究院有限公司，陕西西安 710065)

摘要：基于流体计算软件FLUENT，模拟某水电站库区近坝变形体可能失稳后下滑引起库区水面变化过程，分析初始涌浪形成以及涌浪在对岸爬坡和涌浪沿岸传播的过程；研究挡水建筑物对库区涌浪沿岸传播的影响，得出初始涌浪高度，以及对岸、沿岸、坝址处的最大浪高，并与潘家铮法估算结果进行对比分析。分析结果表明，数值模拟能较好反映波浪爬坡和沿岸传播过程，真实模拟库区水体相互作用；由于库区涌浪运动受大坝建筑物阻挡作用，库区水面的反复震荡和涌浪叠加，会形成更高的涌浪。计算的初始涌浪及库区各处的最大涌高更符合实际情况，可为近坝库区的工程设计及涌浪灾害的预防提供参考。

关键词：库区；滑坡体；爬坡过程；最大浪高；涌浪叠加；挡水建筑物；数值模拟

Numerical simulation of the surge based on FLUENT software

DENG Cheng-jin，YUAN Qiu-shuang，HOU Yan-hua，JIA Wei
(HydroChina Xibei Engineering Corporation， Xi′an 710065， China)

Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： Based on the fluid calculation FLUENT software, surge changes within the reservoir area and its propagation along the reservoir bank, caused by possible instability of the landslide-induced deformation body in the reservoir area of a hydropower station, have been simulated. Some impacts of the water retaining structure upon surge propagation along the reservoir bank are taken into consideration and analyzed, and the initial swell height, and the maximum wave height along the opposite bank, the reservoir bank and the dam site are obtained by calculation analysis, and compared with the calculated results given by PAN Jia-zheng method. Analysis results show that the numerical simulation can well reflect the wave run-up process over the bank slope and wave propagation along the reservoir banks, and the interaction by the wavy water surface and the surge superposition in the reservoir area is actually simulated. Due to barrier effect given by the dam structure, a higher swell is formed by repeated water surface oscillation with the surge superposition in the reservoir area. Thus the calculated initial swell and the maximum surge height within the reservoir area well conform to the actual situation, which can provide references for the engineering design and surge disaster prevention of the reservoir area close to the dam site.
Ｋｅｙ　ｗｏｒｄｓ： reservoir area; landslide； waves run-up process; the maximum surge; surge superposition; water retaining structure； numerical simulation

秦淮河船闸扩容改造工程围堰设计方案优化
丁跃1，张友利2，3，唐云清2，3，王玉波3
(1. 江苏省淮沭新河管理处，江苏淮安 223005； 2. 南京水利科学研究院，江苏南京 210029； 3. 江苏科兴工程建设监理有限公司，江苏南京 210029)

摘要：秦淮河船闸扩容改造工程围堰地基具有强渗透性特点，故围堰必须具有较强的防渗能力，才能保证船闸主体进行干地施工。原围堰结构设计方案为：上游围堰采用土工织物袋双棱体结构；下游围堰迎水面采用双排钢板桩中间回填黏性土直立式结构，背水面采用回填黏性土斜坡式结构，经对“充填砂袋+防渗帷幕”、“黏土填筑+防渗帷幕+反压平台”及“黏土填筑+防渗帷幕+钢板桩”三种围堰结构设计方案进行比选优化，最终确定采用“黏土填筑+防渗帷幕+反压平台”的结构形式，保证了围堰结构安全和防洪进度，并取得了明显的经济效益。

关键词：秦淮河；船闸；强渗透性；围堰方案；设计优化

Cofferdam design optimization for modification work of Qinhuai River shiplock

DING Yue1，ZHANG You-li2，3，TANG Yun-qing2，3，WANG Yu-bo3
(1. Jiangsu Province Huai Shu New Canal Administrative Office， Huaian 223005， China； 2. Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute， Nanjing 210029， China； 3. Jiangsu Kexing Engineering Construction Supervision Co.， Ltd.， Nanjing 210029， China)

Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： Owing to the strong permeability of the cofferdam foundation in the expansion and modification project of the Qinhuai River shiplock， the cofferdam foundation must have a good anti-seepage capacity to ensure that the main body of the shiplock is under construction on a dry site. There were some problems in the original design proposals for the cofferdam structure， and hence it is necessary to further optimize the design schemes. After making the comparison and optimization of three kinds of the cofferdam structure design schemes:“filling sand bags + impervious curtain, clay filling + impervious curtain + backpressure platforms and clay filling + impervious curtain + steel sheet pile”, a final design scheme “clay filling + impervious curtain + backpressure platforms” has been adopted, thus ensuring the safety of the cofferdam structure and flood control progress, and having significant economic benefits. All of those may provide a useful reference for the design of the cofferdam structure with similar geological conditions.

Ｋｅｙ　ｗｏｒｄｓ： Qinhuai River; shiplock; strong permeability； scheme of cofferdam； design optimization

降雨入渗过程中土质边坡稳定性计算
邢小弟1，2，张磊3，谈叶飞1，邱城春4，谢兴华1
(1. 南京水利科学研究院交通运输部通航建筑物建设技术行业重点实验室，江苏南京 210029； 2. 河海大学水利水电学院，江苏南京 210098； 3. 山东黄河河务局，山东济南 250011； 4. 青海玉能电力开发有限公司，青海西宁 810007)

摘要：在室内试验资料基础上，提出了土体抗剪强度与降雨入渗时间以及土体含水率的函数关系，修正了考虑土条间相互作用力的简化毕肖普方法，使之能够体现边坡土体含水率变化引起的土体强度降低现象。采用Fortran语言设计平台，开发了耦合饱和－非饱和渗流有限元计算与边坡稳定极限平衡方法（修正的简化Bishop方法）的计算程序，考虑边坡土体抗剪强度参数随着降雨入渗发展、含水率变化而变化，采用饱和-非饱和渗流计算降雨期间边坡土体含水量变化以及扩展过程。计算了物理试验模型在降雨条件下，土坡内部渗流发展过程，以及边坡安全度的变化情况。计算结果与试验结果吻合，与修正前简化Bishop方法计算得到的边坡安全系数相差35％左右。本文提出的计算方法为降雨诱发土质滑坡研究提供了一种新的可供参考的定量分析方法。

关键词：降雨入渗；抗剪强度；压力水头；边坡稳定性

Calculation method for soil slope stability under-the action of precipitation infiltration

XING Xiao-di1，2，ZHANG Lei3，TAN Ye-fei1，QIU Cheng-chun4，XIE Xing-hua1
(1. Key Laboratory of Navigation Structure Construction Technology, MoT, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029, China; 2. College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China； 3. Yellow River Shandong Bureau, Jinan 250011, China; 4. Qinghai Yushu Electric Power Development Co., Ltd., Xining 810007, China)

Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： Based on the model test data, presenting the soil shear strength parameters and precipitation infiltration time as a function of the moisture content, modifying the simplified Bishop calculation model make it being able to reflect the phenomenon that the strength of the soil mass would be reduced by the change in the moisture content of the slope soil mass. With the aid of Fortran program, a program which is coupling saturated-unsaturated seepage finite element method and limit equilibrium slope stability (a corrected simplified Bishop method) is developed in this study. The program takes into account the slope soil shear strength parameters changed along with the development of precipitation infiltration, using saturated-unsaturated seepage for calculating variation and expansion process of the moisture content of the slope soil mass during rainfall. Through physical model tests, slope seepage in the development process and the process of change in the slope safety degree under the rainfall conditions have been calculated and analyzed. And the calculated results are good in agreement with the experimental research results, which differs by about 35% from the slope safety factor given by the simplified Bishop method before correction. This corrected simplified calculation method for slope stability will provide a new useful reference for the calculation of precipitationinduced landslides.
Ｋｅｙ　ｗｏｒｄｓ： precipitation infiltration; shear strength; pressure head; slope stability

《水利水运工程学报》2014年第3期目录与摘要_南京水利科学研究院版

南京水利科学研究院版免费考研网/2018-05-14

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