摘要:以缩短熟期换取充分脱水时间的机械粒收品种选择和推广给北方春玉米增产和热量充分利用提出了新的挑战, 揭示不同热量条件下玉米机械粒收品种如何通过合理密植实现产量和热量资源高效利用协同的机制, 可为机械粒收品种高产高效栽培和大面积推广提供理论依据。本研究以不同类型玉米品种为材料, 在内蒙古4个不同热量条件区域[分属于热量充沛地区(以种植中晚熟或晚熟品种为主的生态区)和热量有限地区(以种植中早熟、早熟品种为主的生态区)]进行密度联网试验, 分析密度对不同类型品种阶段发育、产量形成和热量利用效率(HUE)的影响, 并解析其对热量资源的响应规律。结果表明, 机械粒收品种均在区域≥10 ℃积温利用率达86.0%~89.3%的前提下获得最高产量, 各区域机械粒收品种最高产量及其对应密度均高于主推品种, 特别是在热量有限区域差异明显。机械粒收品种最高产量对应密度随热量资源总量增加呈线性降低, 区域≥10 ℃积温每减少100 ℃, 密度需增加0.17万株·hm?2。热量有限地区机械粒收品种的花前∶花后的生育天数比例、≥10 ℃积温比例、生物量比例均趋近5∶5, 实现最高产量需在常规种植密度6.0万株·hm?2的基础上增密2.8万~3.1万株·hm?2, 增密后产量为11.1~12.7 t·hm?2, 可增产20.1%~23.3%, HUE可提高20.6%~30.1%; 热量充沛地区机械粒收品种花前∶花后的生育天数比例及积温比例趋近4.5∶5.5, 花前∶花后的生物量比例为4∶6, 产量为15.4~16.9 t·hm?2, 实现最高产量需在6.0万株·hm?2 基础上增密2.1万~2.3万株·hm?2, 增密后可增产6.1%~11.5%, HUE可提高8.6%~17.5%。可见, 品种热量需求与区域热量资源有效匹配是获得高产并充分挖掘区域产量潜力的前提, 基于热量资源定量密植是春玉米机械粒收品种实现增产和热量资源高效利用协同的有效途径, 热量有限区域花前花后热量资源均衡利用, 实现花前群体生物量充分积累是关键, 适宜密度为8.8万~9.2万株·hm?2; 热量充沛区域挖掘花后物质生产, 构建适宜密度群体, 延缓花后叶片衰老是核心, 适宜密度为8.1万~8.3万株·hm?2。
关键词:春玉米/
密度/
积温/
热量利用效率/
机械粒收品种
Abstract:The selection and promotion of mechanical grain harvesting maize varieties that shorten the maturity period in exchange for sufficient dehydration time pose new challenges for increase in the yield of spring maize in the north and the full utilization of heat. The use of a synergistic mechanism can provide a theoretical basis for the high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation and large-scale promotion of mechanically grain-harvested varieties of maize. In this study, different types of maize varieties were used as the tested materials, and the density network tests were conducted in four ecological regions of Inner Mongolia with different thermal conditions in eastern Inner Mongolia, which belonged to heat limit area (where medium-early- and early-maturing maize varieties are planted) and heat sufficient area (where the medium-later- or late-maturing varieties are planted), respectively. The effects of planting density on stage development, yield formation, and heat use efficiency (HUE) of different types of maize varieties were analyzed, and their responses to heat resources were analyzed. The results showed that the maximum yield of mechanical grain-harvesting varieties was obtained under the condition that the accumulated temperature utilization rate of ≥10 ℃ reached 86.0%?89.3%. The maximum yield and corresponding density of mechanical grain-harvesting varieties in different regions were higher than those of the current farmers’ variety, especially the differences were obvious in the regions with limited heat. The density of the maximum yield of mechanical grain-harvesting varieties decreased linearly with the increase of the total amount of heat resources. The density increased by 1700 plants·hm?2 for every 100 ℃ decrease of accumulated temperature in the region ≥10 ℃. The areas with limited heat (ecological areas dominated by early-maturing and medium-early-maturing varieties, in this paper, it is east region of Xing’an Mountain and south region of Xing’an Mountain), the proportion of growing days per-silking and post-silking, the proportion of accumulated temperature ≥10 ℃, and the proportion of biomass of mechanical grain-harvesting varieties all approached 5∶5. To achieve the maximum yield, it was necessary to increase the densification from 60 000 plants·hm?2 to 88 000?91 000 plants·hm?2. Increases the density after increasing yield of 11.1?12.7 t·hm?2, yield increase 20.1%?23.3%, and HUE can be increased by 20.6%?30.1%; In areas with abundant heat (ecological areas mainly planted with mid-late maturity or late maturity varieties, this paper refers is the north region of Yanshan Mountain and west Liao River Plain), the ratio of growing days and accumulated temperature per-silking and post silking tended to be 4.5∶5.5, the ratio of biomass at per-silking and post silking was 4∶6, and the yield ranged from 15.4 to 16.9 t·hm?2. The maximum yield needed to be densified from 60000 plant ·hm?2 to 81 000-83 000 plant ·hm?2. After densification, the yield can be increased by 6.1%?11.5%, and the HUE can be increased by 8.6%?17.5%. The effective matching of heat demand of varieties and regional heat resources is the premise to obtain high yield and fully tap the potential of regional yield. Quantitative dense planting based on the matching of heat resources is an effective way to achieve increased yield and efficient utilization of heat resources for mechanical grain-harvesting varieties of spring maize. In the area with limited heat resources, the balance of pre-silking and post-silking at resources and the full accumulation of pre-silking biomass were the key factors, and the suitable density was 88 000 to 92 000 plants·hm?2. In the area with abundant heat, the production of post-silking matter was explored, and the suitable density population was constructed. The maize was to delay post-silking leaf senescence, and the suitable density was 81 000?83 000 plants·hm?2.
Key words:Spring maize/
Density/
Accumulated temperature/
Heat utilization efficiency/
Mechanical grain-harvesting variety
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