摘要:蜘蛛是稻田重要的天敌生物, 通过改进生产管理方式提升稻田蜘蛛多样性及其害虫生物控制服务, 对推动稻田可持续生产具有重要意义。本研究调查太湖流域有机、绿色、常规生产模式下稻田蜘蛛群落多样性及群落结构和功能组成, 以评估不同生产管理模式对稻田蜘蛛多样性的影响。结果显示: 不同生产方式蜘蛛α多样性指数差异显著, 有机生产稻田蜘蛛的丰富度、多度和辛普森多样性指数均显著高于常规及绿色生产稻田。捕猎类型在不同稻田差异显著, 有机和绿色生产稻田蜘蛛以结网型为主, 而常规生产稻田以捕猎型为主; 3种生产模式稻田蜘蛛体长和飞航能力无显著差异。有机和常规生产稻田蜘蛛群落组成间存在显著差异, 绿色生产稻田蜘蛛群落组成介于有机与常规生产稻田之间, 是这两种生境蜘蛛组成的过渡类型; 有机生产稻田具有较多的的蜘蛛指示种, 而绿色和常规生产稻田蜘蛛群落分布上以广布种与共有种为主, 缺乏特有种。稻田蜘蛛群落组成随水稻生长而变化, 但有机生产稻田蜘蛛丰富度、多度除分蘖早期和拔节期外, 其余时期均显著高于常规和绿色生产稻田。研究结果表明, 相较于常规和绿色生产, 有机生产方式可以有效提高稻田蜘蛛多样性, 维持更强的害虫捕食能力, 对推动该地区绿色发展和生态环境恢复具有重要意义。
关键词:太湖流域/
稻田管理方式/
有机生产/
绿色生产/
蜘蛛/
群落结构/
功能特征
Abstract:Spiders are important natural enemies that provide a key biological control service in rice planting systems. In recent decades, agricultural intensification has caused a series of environmental problems, including the loss of biodiversity and the decline of associated ecosystem services. Therefore, it is necessary to explore if the spider diversity can be improved by adjusting the rice farming practices to enhance the biological control services to allow more sustainable agricultural production. Recent studies on rice field spiders have compared the spider diversity between organic and conventional farming systems. However, studies on spider diversity in green rice fields are rare. The Taihu Lake Basin is an important rice production area in China, but it has also suffered from serious non-point pollution in recent years. Thus, it is important to develop a sustainable rice production approach and conserve the biodiversity and associated ecosystem services for regional sustainability. In this study, we sampled spiders with a suction sampler to assess the impact of different farming practices, including organic, green, and conventional farming practices, on the diversity, composition, and dynamics of spiders in rice fields. The results indicated that 1) there were significant differences in the spider diversity among different farming systems. Species richness, abundance, and the Simpson diversity index of spiders in organic rice fields were significantly higher than those in the other two treatments. 2) There were no significant differences in spider body size and the ballooning capacity among different farming practices. 3) The composition of spider communities in organic rice fields was distinct from that in conventional rice fields, whereas green rice fields had a similar spider composition as that of conventional and organic rice fields. 4) Organic and green rice fields were dominated by web-building spiders, whereas conventional rice fields were dominated by hunting spiders. 5) Organic rice fields had many indicator species, such as Bianor incitatus, Chrysso octomaculata, and Clubiona corrugata, while the spider communities in green and conventional rice fields were dominated by generalist and common species and lacked endemic species. 6) The spider community diversity in rice fields changed with rice growth. The species richness and Simpson diversity indexes of the spider communities were greater in organic rice fields than those in conventional and green rice fields across all rice-growing seasons, except during the early tillering and elongation stages. In summary, compared with conventional and green farming systems, organic farming system sustains greater spider diversity and distinct spider compositions with more web-building and indicator species. The spider diversity under green farming system, on the other hand, did not differ from that under conventional rice practices. To improve spider diversity and the associated biological control services in rice fields, the transformation of conventional rice production to organic production and reduced chemical reagents input should be encouraged, which is also important for the ecological restoration of the Taihu Lake Basin.
Key words:Taihu Lake Basin/
Paddy field management method/
Organic farming system/
Green farming system/
Spider/
Community structure/
Functional traits
PDF全文下载地址:
http://www.ecoagri.ac.cn/article/exportPdf?id=f9fad78a-8617-42f5-b9cd-df817f699953
