摘要:使用有机肥是消纳畜禽粪便、减少化肥投入、改善土壤结构的多赢举措。欧盟国家将有机肥分为矿物和非矿物两类，形态上又分别有固态和液体两种，其产品标准既包括有效养分的含量要求，也包括有害物质的含量限值，通过企业信息台账、告知义务、追溯体系实现严格的市场监管，并通过污染区域划定避免肥料过度使用造成环境风险，其做法对于当前我国大力推进农业绿色发展具有重要借鉴意义。本文基于中国与欧盟在有机肥标准和市场管理等方面的比较研究，提出5条建议：一是尽快开展"硝酸盐污染区"划定；二是细化产品标准，规范有机肥分类、名称；三是压实各方责任，尤其是严控源头添加和生产规范；四是大力推广种养结合，将有机肥推广与化肥减量、畜禽粪污资源化利用融为一体；五是深化科学用肥宣传。下一步，我国应科学完善有机肥标准并加强监管，尽快启动硝酸盐污染区划定工作，实现种养结合农业绿色发展格局。
关键词:有机肥标准/
欧盟经验/
种养结合/
农业绿色发展
Abstract:The use of organic fertilizers is a beneficial measure for absorbing livestock manure, reducing chemical input, and improving soil health. European Union (EU) countries divide organic fertilizers into two types of mineral and non-mineral fertilizers, and solids and liquids in form. The organic fertilizer standards include the effective nutrients contents and the hazardous substances limits. Information ledgers, an obligation to disclose, and traceability has helped the EU to achieve strict market supervision and avoid environmental risks caused by excessive fertilizer application through the delineation of polluted areas. Such practices represent important references for China to vigorously promote the green development of agriculture. This study compared the standards of organic fertilizer products in China with the standards of organic fertilizer products from the EU and presents five recommendations. First, nitrate pollution areas should be delineated as soon as possible. Second, the product standards should be refined for the classification and designation of organic fertilizers. Third, the responsibilities of all parties should be considered, especially for the strict control of source addition and production specifications. Fourth, planting and breeding combinations should be vigorously promoted; we need to combine the promotion of organic fertilizer with fertilizer decrement and better resource utilization for livestock and poultry manure. Finally, we need broader publicity for organic fertilizer use. Therefore, it is recommended that China start delineating nitrate pollution areas as soon as possible, formulating organic fertilizer standards, strengthening supervision, and realizing the green development of combining planting and breeding.
Key words:Organic fertilizer standard/
European Union experience/
Combination of planting and breeding/
Green agricultural development
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