摘要:微塑料污染已成为环境领域研究的热点问题。受采样、前处理和分析技术的限制，现有研究中检测到的微塑料尺寸普遍较大。定量分析技术不够成熟，文献数据之间的可比性较差。复杂组分和表面附着物导致土壤微塑料的分析检测存在更大的挑战。为更好地掌握研究现状与发展趋势，本文从光谱分析、热分析、显微分析等角度分类，对土壤微塑料研究中的分析技术进行了解析、对比和总结。光谱分析对微塑料进行定性和数量统计，常见的有傅里叶变换红外光谱法和拉曼光谱法。热分析用于组分鉴定和质量分析，具体分为裂解气质联用和热重波谱联用。显微分析则对形貌和尺寸进行表征，包括光学显微镜和电子显微镜两种。提出微塑料分析技术越来越丰富，但是针对土壤微塑料的分析是一项复杂的工作。分析技术的标准化是评价和治理微塑料污染的关键；现有的土壤微塑料检测方法各有利弊。组合或联用技术的使用有望更高效、精准地实现对土壤微塑料定性定量分析；应从需要解决的科学问题出发，根据研究目的合理选择分析技术；部分分析技术在土壤微塑料的实际测定有待于进一步的探索与验证。
关键词:土壤微塑料/
高分子/
分析技术/
光谱/
热分析/
显微镜
Abstract:Microplastic pollution has garnered recent attention in the field of environmental science. However, owing to the limitations of samplings, pretreatments, and analytical techniques, the sizes of the detected microplastics are generally large. Quantitative analysis methods are not yet well-developed; thus, the existing publications are incomparable. The analysis of soil microplastics is challenging because of their complex components and surface attachments. To better understand the current status of research and the development trends, the analytical techniques used in soil microplastics research were examined, compared, and summarized for thermal, spectral, and microscopic techniques in this paper. Microplastics have been qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed via spectral analysis, and the dominant techniques are Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The components and masses have been analyzed via thermal analysis, including pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and thermogravimetric-spectrometry. Shape and size have been characterized via microscopic analysis. Optical and electron microscopies are the most commonly used techniques. The analytical techniques of microplastics are increasing in abundance, but the identification and quantification of soil microplastics remain a complex task. The standardization of analytical technologies is key to evaluating microplastic pollution. Each technique has its advantages and disadvantages, and the combination of analytical techniques is expected to efficiently and accurately analyze soil microplastics qualitatively and quantitatively. Analytical techniques should be selected based on the scientific objective. Meanwhile, some techniques require further exploration and verification for microplastics in real soil.
Key words:Soil microplastics/
Polymer/
Analytical technique/
Spectrometry/
Thermal analysis/
Microscopy
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