摘要:随着城市化进程的加速发展，我国净耕地面积持续减少，合理开发利用潜在土地资源，对于保障我国粮食安全具有重要意义。为了探讨不同覆盖耕作方式对新复垦区土壤水热及作物生长的影响，通过2018年和2019年连续两年田间试验，研究了传统耕作（CK）、地膜覆盖（FM）、秸秆深埋（BS）和秸秆深埋+地膜覆盖（F+S）4种处理对土壤水分、温度和春玉米生长及产量的影响。结果表明：2018年，F+S、BS、FM处理玉米生育期内0~20 cm及20~40 cm土层平均土壤含水率分别较CK增加24.4%、16.5%、12.6%及9.1%、3.2%、3.7%。2018年玉米苗期，0~100 cm土壤蓄水量表现为FM>F+S>CK>BS，明显表现为有覆膜处理（F+S和FM）的土壤蓄水量高于不覆膜处理（BS和CK）。2019年玉米苗期，土壤蓄水量则表现为F+S > BS > FM > CK。与CK相比，春玉米全生育期不同覆盖耕作处理条件下各土层（5~25 cm）土壤温度均有所提高，具体表现为F+S > FM > BS > CK，各处理土壤温度随土层深度表现为降低趋势。以表层5 cm土壤温度增幅最大，覆盖耕作处理的增温效应在全生育期表现为前期明显而后期弱化。各处理株高变化趋势一致，在播种后70 d左右达到峰值，随后出现小幅度下降并最终保持稳定。试验期，株高和叶面积均表现为地表有覆膜的处理高于未覆膜处理（P < 0.05）。2018年，F+S、BS和FM处理玉米产量均显著高于CK（P < 0.05），2018年和2019年，各处理产量分别较CK增加17.0%、13.5%、6.6%和30.5%、23.9%、3.8%。产量构成逐步回归分析结果表明，穗长对产量的影响最大，产量与穗行数和百粒重呈正相关关系。秸秆深埋+地膜覆盖处理（F+S）可以综合发挥二者优势，有效调节土壤水热状况，改善土壤环境，促进作物生长发育，从而获得较高的产量，可作为新复垦区春玉米适宜的种植管理方式。
关键词:新复垦区/
秸秆深埋/
地膜覆盖/
土壤水热/
春玉米
Abstract:With rapid urbanization, the net cultivated land area continues to decrease, and it is important to utilize potential land resources for Chinese food security. To examine the effects of different tillage practices on soil water-heat characteristics and crop growth in newly reclaimed land, we conducted field experiments in 2018 and 2019 with four treatments: plastic film mulching (FM), buried straw layer (BS), buried straw layer with plastic film mulching (F+S), and traditional tillage (CK) as the control. We measured the soil moisture, soil temperature, and growth and yield of spring maize under each treatment. The 2018 results showed that under F+S, BS, and FM, the average soil moisture increased by 24.4%, 16.5%, and 12.6% at 0-20 cm depth, respectively, and by 9.1%, 3.2%, and 3.7% at 20-40 cm depth, respectively, compared with those under CK. Water storage of the soil profile (0-100 cm) under each treatment ranked as FM > F+S > CK > BS in 2018 in maize seedling stage indicating higher water storage under treatments with film mulch than that under no mulching. In 2019, it ranked as F+S > BS > FM > CK. The soil temperature increased under F+S, BS, and FM at each depth, especially at the 5 cm depth, compared with that under CK. The soil temperature (5-25 cm) ranking was F+S > FM > BS > CK. The temperature decreased with increasing soil depth during the growth period; the improved soil temperature effect of mulching and tillage was the strongest at the early growth stage and weakened later. The plant height dynamics were similar among treatments; it improved to a maximum at approximately 70 days after sowing but then reduced and remained stable. The plant height and leaf area index were higher in the treatments with film mulching than those under the no film mulching treatments (P < 0.05). The maize yield under the F+S, BS, and FM treatments were significantly higher than that under the CK treatment in 2018 (P < 0.05), and the yield increased by 17.0%, 13.5%, and 6.6% in 2018 and by 30.5%, 23.9%, and 3.8% in 2019, respectively. Stepwise regression analysis of the yield composition showed that ear length had the greatest effect on maize yield, and yield was positively correlated with the number of ear rows and hundred-grain weight. F+S treatment conferred a comprehensive advantage and effectively regulated the soil water and heat conditions, improved the soil environment, and promoted plant growth and development, resulting in a high yield. Therefore, F+S treatment represents an appropriate mulching and tillage management system for spring maize in a newly reclaimed land.
Key words:Newly reclamation land/
Buried straw layer/
Plastic film mulching/
Soil water and heat/
Spring maize
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