摘要:山西中南部光热资源丰富，适宜春玉米生产的播期范围较宽，如何通过播期调整适应区域气象及生产特点实现高产抗倒，是该区域推广应用玉米机械粒收技术的重要问题。为此，于2019年在山西省农业科学院东阳试验示范基地，以前期筛选出的密植高产宜机收玉米品种‘金科玉3306’和当地主栽玉米品种‘中地88’为材料，比较分析了5个播期（4月16日、4月23日、4月30日、5月7日、5月14日）下生育时期、生理成熟后倒伏及产量的变化情况，并探讨了影响倒伏的主要生物学及力学因素。结果表明：‘金科玉3306’生理成熟后倒伏率不同播期之间没有显著差异，其中后4个播期倒伏率始终为0；而‘中地88’随着播期推迟，生理成熟后倒伏率显著增加（P < 0.05）。根据拟合方程，‘中地88’ 4月30日、5月7日和5月14日播种，立秆脱水期每推迟10 d，倒伏率分别增加1.3、2.4和3.2个百分点。通过抗倒性能影响因素分析，第3~4节节长、穗位高系数、重心高度可作为评价抗倒性的负效应指标，第4节单位长度干重、第3节抗弯折强度和单位长度湿重可作为评价抗倒性的正效应指标。随着播期推迟，两个品种生物产量和经济产量都表现出先显著增加后降低的趋势。推荐4月30日左右为该区域实现高产抗倒，推广玉米机械粒收技术的适宜播种日期。
关键词:播期/
春玉米/
生理成熟/
倒伏/
立秆脱水
Abstract:In the middle-south of Shanxi Province, light and heat resources are abundant leading to a wide range of sowing date for spring maize. A suitable sowing date should achieve high yield and lodging resistance by adapting to the regional meteorological and production characteristics. Therefore sowing date adjustment is an important issue in the popularization and application of mechanical grain harvesting technology for spring maize in this region. A field experiment was conducted in Dongyang Experiment and Demonstration Base of Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences in 2019, consisting of 2 maize cultivars ('JKY3306' and 'ZD88') and 5 sowing date (April 16, April 23, April 30, May 7 and May 30). 'JKY3306' is a screened out cultivar with high yield and suitable for high population and mechanical grain harvesting; while 'ZD88' is a local cultivar. The results showed that lodging rates after physiological maturity of 'JKY3306' at different sowing dates had no significant difference. And lodging rates at the last four sowing dates was always 0. However, the lodging rate after physiological maturity of 'ZD88' increased significantly with the delay of sowing date (P < 0.05). According to the fitting equation, the lodging rate of 'ZD88' sowed at April 30, May 7 and May 14 was respectively increased by 1.3, 2.4 and 3.2 percentage points for every 10 days during grain dehydration period. Through the analysis of influencing factors on lodging resistance, the length of the third and fourth internode, the coefficient of ear height and the gravity center height could be used as the negative effect indexes to evaluate the lodging resistance. And the dry weight per unit length of the fourth internode, the bending strength of the third internode and the wet weight per unit length of the third internode could be used as the positive effect indexes. With the delay of sowing date, the biological yield and economic yield of the two varieties increased significantly at first and then decreased. Spring maize sowed around April 30 can achieve high yield and lodging resistance in this region. Therefore, April 30 is a suitable sowing date to popularize mechanical grain harvesting technology in spring production.
Key words:Sowing date/
Spring maize/
Physiological maturity/
Lodging/
Grain dehydration in the field
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