摘要:为筛选适宜四川机械粒收夏玉米品种，明确玉米机械粒收质量影响因素，2017-2019年在四川省中江县开展了夏玉米机械粒收品种筛选试验研究，对参试28个玉米品种、98个品次机械粒收质量、籽粒含水率和产量数据进行分析。结果表明，玉米籽粒破碎率和落穗损失率高是四川夏玉米机械粒收存在的主要问题。夏玉米机械粒收籽粒破碎率平均为5.63%，杂质率平均为2.39%，落穗损失率平均为4.12%，籽粒总损失率平均为4.76%，其中落穗损失占籽粒总损失的86.55%。籽粒含水率与籽粒破碎率、杂质率、落粒损失率呈显著正相关，而与落穗损失率、籽粒总损失率相关不显著。收获时较高的籽粒含水率是导致籽粒破碎率高的主要原因，适当推迟收获时间可有效降低籽粒含水率，进而降低机械粒收籽粒破碎率。种植行距与收获机械行距不匹配导致错行收获是落穗损失率高的主要原因，保证收获机对行收获可显著降低落穗损失率，进而降低籽粒总损失率。本研究以玉米产量和机收时籽粒含水率为指标，筛选出产量高、籽粒含水率低的‘仲玉3号’‘渝单30’‘正红6号’‘延科288’4个玉米品种，可作为四川省夏玉米适宜机械粒收的品种。
关键词:夏玉米/
机械粒收/
籽粒含水率/
破碎率/
落穗损失率/
品种筛选
Abstract:The variety screening experiment for mechanical grain harvest was carried out in Zhongjing, Sichuan Province from 2017 to 2019 to screen suitable Sichuan summer maize varieties for mechanical grain harvesting and identify the factors influencing the quality of mechanically harvested grain. Factors such as mechanical grain quality, grain moisture content, and yield were analyzed based on 98 tests of 28 maize varieties. Results showed that high broken grain and ear loss rates were the main issues with the mechanical grain harvest of Sichuan summer maize. The average broken grain rate, impurity rate, ear loss rate, and total grain loss were 5.63%, 2.39%, 4.12%, and 4.76%, respectively; with ear loss accounting for 86.55% of total grain loss. Grain moisture content was positively correlated with broken grain, impurity, and grain loss rates, while there was no significant correlation between grain moisture content and ear and total grain loss rates. High grain moisture content was the main cause of grain breakage rates during harvest; delaying the harvest period could effectively reduce the grain moisture content and thus, reduce grain breakage rates. At the same time, the mismatch between the spacing of planting and harvesting rows was the main cause behind high ear loss rate (86.55% of total grain loss). Ensuring that the harvest was performed in opposite rows could significantly reduce the ear loss rate and greatly reduce total grain loss. Four maize varieties ('zhongyu 3, ' 'yudan 30, ' 'zhenghong 6, ' and 'yanke 288') were screened out, which were suitable for the mechanical grain harvest of Sichuan using the average yield and grain moisture content during the harvest period as indicators.
Key words:Summer maize/
Mechanical grain harvest/
Grain moisture content/
Grain broken rate/
Ear loss rate/
Variety screening
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