1. ¹ú¼Ò·¢Õ¹ºÍ¸Ä¸ïίԱ»á´´ÐÂÇý¶¯·¢Õ¹ÖÐÐÄ£¬±±¾© 100037;
2. ÖйúÅ©Òµ´óѧ ÐÅÏ¢ÓëµçÆø¹¤³ÌѧԺ£¬±±¾© 100083
ÊÕ¸åÈÕÆÚ£º2020-05-09£»½ÓÊÕÈÕÆÚ£º2020-07-29
ÕªÒª£ºÉúÎï¾¼Ãʱ´úÕýÔÚÒý·¢ÈËÀàÐÂÒ»²¨¼¼ÊõºÍ²úÒµ¸ïÃü£¬²¢ÒѳÉΪÁËÈ«ÇòÖ÷Òª·¢´ï¹ú¼ÒºÍÐÂÐ˾¼ÃÌåÇÀÕ¼µÄÖƸߵ㡣ÎÄÖдÓÉúÎïÒ½Ò©²úÒµ¡¢×ª»ùÒò×÷ÎïÖÖÖ²²úÒµ¡¢ÉúÎïÄÜÔ´²úÒµÒÔ¼°ÉúÎï»ù»¯Ñ§Æ·²úÒµ4¸ö½Ç¶È·ÖÎöÁËÈ«ÇòÉúÎï²úÒµ·¢Õ¹µÄʱ¿ÕÌØÕ÷£¬¸ÅÀ¨×ܽáÁËÈ«ÇòÉúÎï²úÒµ·¢Õ¹µÄÖ÷ÒªÌص㣬²¢½øÒ»²½Õë¶ÔÎÒ¹úÉúÎï²úÒµ·¢Õ¹ÖдæÔÚµÄÆ¿¾±ÎÊÌâÌá³öÕþ²ß½¨Ò飬¶ÔÎÒ¹úÉúÎᄐõÄδÀ´·¢Õ¹¾ßÓÐÖ¸µ¼ÒâÒå¡£
¹Ø¼ü´Ê£ºÉúÎïҽҩת»ùÒòÅ©×÷ÎïÉúÎïÄÜÔ´ÉúÎï»ù»¯Ñ§Æ··¢Õ¹ÏÖ×´Õþ²ß½¨Òé
Status quo of global bioindustry and its policy implications
Jingyu Bai1, Xiaofeng Lin1, Zhengqing Yin2
1. Innovation Driven Development Center, National Development and Reform Commission, Beijing 100037, China;
2. College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Received: May 9, 2020; Accepted: July 29, 2020
Corresponding author: Zhengqing Yin. Tel: +86-10-62737653; E-mail: yzq_cau@163.com.
Abstract: The advent of the bioeconomy era is triggers a new wave of technology and industrial revolution. Bioeconomy has become the commanding heights that major developed countries and emerging economies try to seize. This paper analyzes the spatiotemporal characteristics of global bioindustry development from four perspectives: biomedical industry, genetically modified crop planting industry, bioenergy industry, and bio-based chemical industry. Then it summarizes the main characteristics of the development of the global bioindustry, and further put forward policy recommendations for the bottleneck problems in the development of China's bioindustry, which can guide the future development of China's bioeconomy.
Keywords: biomedicinegenetically modified cropsbioenergybio-based chemicalsdevelopment statuspolicy recommendation
¡¶Ê±´úÖÜ¿¯¡·ÔøÖ¸³ö£¬µ½2020ÄêÉúÎï¾¼Ãʱ´ú½«³ÉΪÈËÀà¼ÌÐÅÏ¢¾¼Ãʱ´ú½áÊøºóÂõÈëµÄÏÂÒ»¸ïÃüÐÔ²úÒµ¾¼Ãʱ´ú[1]¡£ÉúÎᄐý«ÊDzúÉúÖÇÄÜÔö³¤ºÍ°üÈÝÐÔÔö³¤£¬¼õÉÙ¶Ô»¯Ê¯È¼ÁϵÄÒÀÀµ£¬¼õÉÙÄÜÔ´ºÍ×ÊÔ´ÏûºÄ£¬´´ÔìÂÌÉ«¾ÍÒµ»ú»áºÍ´Ù½ø¿É³ÖÐø·¢Õ¹µÄÖ÷Òª¶¯Á¦¡£ÉúÎï²úÒµÊÇÉúÎᄐõÄÖØÒª×é³É²¿·Ö£¬µ±Ç°ÊÀ½ç¸÷Ö÷Òª·¢´ï¹ú¼ÒºÍÐÂÐ˾¼ÃÌå·×·×¾ÍÉúÎï²úÒµ·¢Õ¹×÷³öÁËÕ½ÂÔ²¿Êð¡£
ÃÀ¹ú°×¹¬ÓÚ2012Äê·¢²¼µÄÃÀ¹úÖ§³ÖÉúÎᄐõĹú¼ÒÉúÎï¾¼ÃÀ¶Í¼[2]°üÀ¨Ö§³Ö»ùÒò¹¤³Ì¡¢DNA²âÐòºÍÉúÎï·Ö×ÓµÄ×Ô¶¯»¯¸ßͨÁ¿²Ù×÷£»Í¬Ä꣬ŷÃËίԱ»áͨ¹ýÁË¡¶´´ÐÂÒÔʵÏֿɳÖÐøÔö³¤£ºÅ·ÖÞµÄÉúÎᄐá·Õ½ÂÔ[3]£¬Ìá³ö·¢Õ¹ÉúÎïÅ©Òµ(ת»ùÒò×÷Îï¡¢ÁÖÒµºÍÓæÒµ)¡¢ÉúÎ。¿µ²úÒµ(ÉúÎïÖÆÒ©¡¢Ð·Ö×ÓʵÌå¡¢ÉúÎï±êÖ¾ÎïºÍ»ùÒò¼ì²â)ÒÔ¼°ÉúÎ﹤ҵ(ÉúÎïȼÁÏ¡¢ÉúÎﻯѧƷ¡¢ÔÁÏÉú²ú¹¤ÒµÓÃø¡¢ÉúÎï´«¸ÐÆ÷¡¢ÉúÎïÐÞ¸´¡¢×ÊÔ´ÌáÈ¡ºÍÉúÎᆱÁ¶)£»2014Ä꣬¾¼ÃºÏ×÷Óë·¢Õ¹×éÖ¯(OECD)È·¶¨ÁËÉúÎï»ù²úÆ·ÖеÄ3¸öÖ÷Òª·ÖÖ§£ºÉúÎïȼÁÏ¡¢ÉúÎï»ù»¯Ñ§Æ·ÒÔ¼°ÉúÎïËÜÁÏ(ºóÁ½Õßͨ³£ºÏ³ÆΪÉúÎï»ù²ÄÁÏ)[4]¡£ÐÂÐ˵ÄÉúÎï²úÒµ°üÀ¨ÉúÎïÒ½Ò©¡¢ÉúÎﻯѧƷ¡¢ÉúÎïÄÜÔ´ºÍת»ùÒò×÷Îï²úÒµ[5-6]£¬ËüÃÇÊÇÈ«Çò×îÇ°ÑصÄÏÂÒ»´úÉúÎï¼¼Êõ²úÒµ£¬Ô¤¼ÆÔÚδÀ´½«µÃµ½¿ìËÙ·¢Õ¹¡£
ÎÒ¹úÕþ¸®Í¬ÑùÖØÊÓÉúÎï²úÒµµÄ·¢Õ¹£¬2016Ä꣬¹úÎñÔºÓ¡·¢ÁË¡¶¡°Ê®ÈýÎ塱¹ú¼Ò¿Æ¼¼´´Ð¹滮¡·[7]£¬Ìá³ö·¢Õ¹ÏȽø¸ßЧÉúÎï¼¼Êõ£¬Öص㲿ÊðÇ°ÑØÉúÎï¼¼ÊõµÄ´´ÐÂÍ»ÆƺÍÓ¦Ó÷¢Õ¹£»2017Ä꣬¹ú¼Ò·¢Õ¹¸Ä¸ïίӡ·¢ÁË¡¶¡°Ê®ÈýÎ塱ÉúÎï²úÒµ·¢Õ¹¹æ»®¡·[8]£¬½øÒ»²½Ìá³öÁËÉúÎï²úÒµ·¢Õ¹µÄ¾ßÌå¹æ»®¡£Òò´Ë̽¾¿ÖйúÔÚÈ«ÇòÉúÎï²úÒµÑо¿Öеķ¢Õ¹¶¨Î»¶ÔÓÚÖ¸µ¼ÎÒ¹úÉúÎï²úÒµ¸ßÖÊÁ¿·¢Õ¹¡¢½øÒ»²½ËõС·¢Õ¹²î¾à¾ßÓÐÖØÒªÒâÒå¡£
±¾ÎÄ·ÖÎöÁËÈ«ÇòÉúÎï²úÒµ·¢Õ¹µÄ»ù±¾ÏÖ×´¼°Æäʱ¿Õ¹æÂÉ£¬Ö¸³öÁËÉúÎï²úÒµ·¢Õ¹µÄÖ÷ÒªÌص㣬×îºó»ùÓÚÈ«ÇòÉúÎï²úÒµ·¢Õ¹µÄÏÖ×´ºÍÌصã´Ó5¸ö·½ÃæÌá³öÁËÖ¸µ¼ÎÒ¹úÉúÎï²úÒµ·¢Õ¹µÄÕþ²ß½¨Òé¡£
1 È«ÇòÉúÎï²úÒµ·¢Õ¹ÏÖ×´1.1 ÉúÎï²úÒµ·¢Õ¹µÄʱ¼äÌØÕ÷·ÖÎö½üÄêÀ´£¬È«ÇòÉúÎï²úÒµ¹æģʼÖÕ±£³ÖÒÔ½Ó½üGDPƽ¾ùÔöËÙ2±¶µÄËÙ¶ÈÔö³¤¡£¾Ý¹À¼Æ£¬ÒÔÉúÎï¼¼ÊõΪ»ù´¡µÄ²úÆ·ÏúÊÛ¶îÔÚ30ÄêÄÚ½«³¬¹ý15ÍòÒÚÃÀÔª£¬´Ó¶ø³ÉΪ¾¼Ã·¢Õ¹µÄÖØÒªÇý¶¯Á¦[9]¡£ÔÚÉúÎïÒ½Ò©ÁìÓò£¬´Ó2012Äêµ½2017Ä꣬ȫÇòÒ½Ò©Êг¡µÄÄê¾ù¸´ºÏÔö³¤ÂÊԼΪ3.2%£¬2018ÄêÈ«ÇòÒ½Ò©Êг¡¹æģΪ1.63ÍòÒÚÃÀÔª£¬ÔöËÙΪ4.8%£»ÔÚת»ùÒò×÷Îï²úÒµ£¬È«Çòת»ùÒò×÷ÎïÖÖÖ²Ãæ»ýÓÉ1996ÄêµÄ170Íòhm2£¬µ½2006ÄêÍ»ÆÆ1ÒÚhm2£¬ÔÙµ½2018ÄêµÄ1.917ÒÚhm2[10]£¬¼¤ÔöÁËÔ¼112±¶£»ÔÚÉúÎï»ù»¯Ñ§Æ··½Ã棬OECDÌá³öÁ˵½2030Ä꽫»áÓдóÔ¼35%µÄ»¯Ñ§Æ·ÓÉÉúÎï»ù»¯Ñ§Æ·Ìæ´ú[11]£»ÔÚÉúÎïÄÜÔ´·½Ã棬¾Ý¹ú¼Ê¿ÉÔÙÉúÄÜÔ´»ú¹¹(IRENA)µÄͳ¼ÆÊý¾ÝÏÔʾ£¬2017ÄêÈ«ÇòÉúÎïÖÊÄÜ·¢µçÁ¿´ïµ½1.78 EJ£¬Ïà½ÏÓÚ2010ÄêµÄ1.14 EJÔö³¤56%¡£
1.2 ÉúÎï²úÒµ·¢Õ¹µÄ¿Õ¼äÌØÕ÷·ÖÎöÉúÎï²úÒµÊÇÒ»¸ö¸ß¸½¼ÓÖµ¡¢ÐÂÐ˵ļ¼ÊõÍƶ¯ÐͲúÒµ[12]£¬ÆäÊг¡×¼ÈëÃż÷½Ï¸ß¡£Ò»°ã¶øÑÔ£¬¾¼Ã·¢Õ¹³Ì¶È½ÏºÃµÄ¹ú¼ÒÓÉÓھ߱¸½Ï¸ßµÄÉúÎï¿Æ¼¼Ë®Æ½¡¢¼áʵµÄÑз¢»ù´¡¡¢³ÉÊìµÄ×ʱ¾Êг¡ÒÔ¼°ÏȽøµÄ¹ÜÀíÄÜÁ¦£¬ÆäÍùÍù´¦ÓÚÈ«ÇòÉúÎï²úÒµ¼ÛÖµÁ´µÄÓÅÊƵØ룬ÆäÉúÎï²úÒµ·¢Õ¹×´¿ö½ÏºÃ£¬¶øÐÂÐ˾¼ÃÌåÍùÍù´¦ÓÚÈõÊƵØ룬ÕâÔì³ÉÁËÈ«ÇòÉúÎï²úÒµ·¢Õ¹µÄ¿Õ¼ä·Ö²¼²»¾ùºâ£¬Òò´Ë·ÖÎöÈ«ÇòÉúÎï²úÒµ·¢Õ¹ÏÖ×´µÄ¿Õ¼äÌØÕ÷¶ÔÈÏÇåÎÒ¹úÉúÎï²úÒµ·¢Õ¹µÄÈ«Çò¶¨Î»ÊÇÊ®·Ö±ØÒªµÄ¡£
1.2.1 ÉúÎïÒ½Ò©²úÒµ»¯Ñ§ºÏ³ÉÒ©ÊÇÖÆÒ©ÐÐÒµµÄ´«Í³²úÆ·£¬ÔÚÈ«ÇòÒ©ÎïÉú²úÖÐÕ¼¾ÝÖ÷ÌåµØλ¡£È»¶ø½üÄêÀ´£¬Ëæ×ÅÉúÎïÖÆÒ©¼¼ÊõµÄ½ø²½£¬ÒÔÉúÎïÀàËÆҩΪ´ú±íµÄÉúÎï¼¼ÊõÒ©ÎïÒì¾üÍ»Æð¡£ÎÒ¹ú¶ÔÉúÎïÀàËÆÒ©µÄ¶¨ÒåÊÇÔÚÖÊÁ¿¡¢°²È«ÐÔºÍÓÐЧÐÔ·½ÃæÓëÒÑ»ñ×¼×¢²áµÄÔÑÐÒ©¾ßÓÐÏàËÆÐÔµÄÖÎÁÆÓÃÉúÎïÖÆÆ·¡£ÉúÎïÖƼÁÓÈÆäÊÇÖØ×éµ¥¿Ë¡¿¹Ì塢ϸ°ûÒò×ÓµÈÔÚÖ×Áö¡¢×ÔÉíÃâÒßÐÔ¼²²¡µÈÖÎÁÆÁìÓòÖÐÕ¹ÏÖ³öÆäËûÒ©ÎïÎÞ·¨Ìæ´úµÄÍ»³öÁÙ´²ÁÆЧ¡£½ØÖÁ2017Ä꣬ÉúÎï¼¼ÊõÒ©ÎïÔÚÈ«ÇòÔÚÑÐÐÂÒ©ÖеıÈÀý´ïµ½38%£¬Ïà½ÏÓÚ2016ÄêÉÏÕÇÁË5¸ö°Ù·Öµã£¬¿É¼ûÉúÎï¼¼ÊõÒ©Îï·¢Õ¹ÊÆÍ·Ç¿¾¢£¬ÓÐÍû³ÉΪδÀ´Ò½Ò©²úÒµµÄ·¢Õ¹Öص㡣¸ù¾Ý¿Æî£Î¨°²¹«Ë¾µÄÑо¿±¨¸æÏÔʾ£¬½ØÖÁ2019ÄêÈ«Çò¸÷¹ú¼ÒºÍµØÇøÉúÎïÀàËÆÒ©µÄÑз¢¹ÜÏßÊýÁ¿Èçͼ 1Ëùʾ£¬´ÓͼÖпÉÒÔ¿´³öÖйúÒÔ298¸öµÄ×ÜÑз¢¹ÜÏßÊýÁ¿ÁìÏÈÈ«Çò£¬ÕâÒ»Êý×ÖÔ¼ÊÇÅÅÃûµÚ¶þµÄÅ·Ã˵ÄÁ½±¶(147¸ö)£¬ÃÀ¹úÅÅÃûµÚÈý(141¸ö)£¬Ó¡¶È¡¢º«¹ú¡¢ÈÕ±¾¡¢¶íÂÞ˹½ôËæÆäºó£¬¹ÜÏßÊýÁ¿·Ö±ðΪ129¡¢96¡¢50¡¢48¸ö£¬Õâ͹ÏÔÁËÎÒ¹úÔÚÉúÎï¼¼ÊõÒ©Îï²úÒµµÄÑз¢ÓÅÊÆ¡£µ«ÖµµÃ×¢ÒâµÄÊÇ£¬ÎÒ¹ú»ñµÃÅú×¼ÉÏÊеÄÉúÎïÀàËÆÒ©ÊýÁ¿½öÅÅÃûµÚÁù£¬ÓëÅ·ÃÀµÈ·¢´ï¹ú¼ÒÏà±ÈÈÔÓнϴó²î¾à£¬Õâ·´Ó³ÁËÎÒ¹úÉúÎïÀàËÆÎï²úÒµµÄͶÈë²ú³öЧÂÊÓдý½øÒ»²½¼ÓÇ¿¡£
ͼ 1 2019ÄêÊÀ½ç¸÷¹ú¼ÒºÍµØÇøÉúÎïÀàËÆÒ©¹ÜÏßÊýÁ¿ Fig. 1 Number of biosimilar drug pipelines in countries and regions of the world in 2019. |
ͼѡÏî |
1.2.2 ת»ùÒò×÷ÎïÖÖÖ²²úÒµ¸ù¾Ý¹ú¼ÊÅ©ÒµÉúÎï¼¼ÊõÓ¦Ó÷þÎñ×éÖ¯(ISAAA) 2018Äê·¢²¼µÄÊý¾Ý[13]ÏÔʾ£¬½ØÖÁ2017Ä꣬¹²ÓÐ24¸ö¹ú¼ÒÖÖÖ²ÁËת»ùÒò×÷Îï(Genetically modified crops, GM crops)£¬ÆäÖÐÓÐ18¸ö¹ú¼ÒµÄÖÖÖ²Ãæ»ý³¬¹ýÁË5Íòhm2£¬ÕâЩ¹ú¼ÒÖ÷Òª·Ö²¼ÔÚÃÀÖÞ¡¢¶«ÄÏÑÇÒÔ¼°Å·Ö޺ͷÇÖ޵IJ¿·ÖµØÇø¡£ÆäÖÐÃÀ¹úÒÔ7 500Íòhm2µÄÖÖÖ²Ãæ»ýÕ¼µ½ÊÀ½çת»ùÒò×÷ÎïÖÖÖ²×ÜÃæ»ýµÄ40%£¬Î»¾ÓÊÀ½çµÚÒ»¡£¶øÖйúµÄÖÖÖ²Ãæ»ýΪ280Íòhm2£¬½öÕ¼ÊÀ½çת»ùÒò×÷ÎïÖÖÖ²×ÜÃæ»ýµÄ1.5%¡£
1.2.3 ÉúÎïÄÜÔ´²úÒµÉúÎïÄÜÔ´ÊÇ×î´óµÄ¿ÉÔÙÉúÄÜÔ´£¬Õ¼¿ÉÔÙÉúÄÜÔ´¹©Ó¦µÄ2/3ÒÔÉÏ¡£ÉúÎïÖÊ×ÊÔ´µÄµäÐÍ·ÖÀà°üÀ¨³ÇÊÐÀ¬»ø¡¢¹¤Òµ·ÏÎï¡¢³õ¼¶¹ÌÌåÉúÎïȼÁÏ¡¢ÕÓÆøºÍÒºÌåÉúÎïȼÁÏ¡£¸ù¾ÝÊÀ½çÉúÎïÄÜԴлá(WBA)ÔÚ2019Äê·¢²¼µÄͳ¼ÆÊý¾Ý[14]»æÖÆÁËÈ«ÇòÉúÎïÄÜÔ´²úÁ¿·Ö²¼Í¼(ͼ 2)¡£ÔÚ¸÷´óÖÞÖУ¬ÑÇÖÞÉúÎïÄÜÔ´²úÁ¿×î¸ß£¬Æä´ÎÊÇ·ÇÖÞºÍÃÀÖÞ¡£ÓÉÓÚн²ÄºÍľ̿¹ã·ºÓÃÓÚȡůºÍÅëâ¿£¬ÉúÎïÖÊÄÜÔ´ÔÚÑÇÖ޺ͷÇÖÞµÄÉúÎïÄÜÔ´¹©Ó¦ÖÐËùÕ¼±ÈÀý¶¼ºÜ¸ß¡£ÔÚÒºÌåÉúÎïȼÁÏ·½Ã棬ÃÀÖÞ(ÃÀ¹úºÍ°ÍÎ÷)ËùÕ¼·Ý¶î×î¸ß£¬ÔÒò·Ö±ðÊÇÓÉÓñÃ׺͸ÊÕáÉú²úµÄÉúÎïÒÒ´¼²úÁ¿½Ï¸ß£¬Í¬Ê±£¬¸ÃµØÇøռȫÇòÉúÎïȼÁϹ©Ó¦µÄ70%ÒÔÉÏ¡£Å·ÖÞÔÚÕÓÆø¹©Ó¦·½Ãæ´¦ÓÚÁìÏȵØ룬ÒòΪËüռȫÇò¹©Ó¦Á¿µÄ50%ÒÔÉÏ¡£ÓÉÓÚ·ÙÉÕ¡¢Æø»¯µÈÀ¬»ø·ÙÉÕ·¢µç¼¼ÊõµÄ¹ã·ºÓ¦Óã¬Å·ÖÞ³ÇÊÐÀ¬»ø²úÉúµÄÉúÎïÄÜÔ´¹©Ó¦Á¿Ò²¾ÓÊÀ½çÊ×λ£¬Õ¼È«Çò¹©Ó¦Á¿µÄ2/3¡£
ͼ 2 2017ÄêÈ«ÇòÉúÎïÄÜÔ´²úÁ¿·Ö²¼ Fig. 2 Supply of global bioenergy production in 2017. |
ͼѡÏî |
1.2.4 ÉúÎï»ù»¯Ñ§Æ·²úÒµÓ봫ͳ»¯Ñ§²úÆ·Ïà±È£¬ÉúÎï»ù»¯Ñ§Æ·µÄ»·¾³×ã¼£ÓÐÏÞ£¬ÔÚ´Ù½ø¿É³ÖÐø·¢Õ¹ºÍ¸ÄÉÆÆøºò±ä»¯·½Ãæ·¢»ÓÖØÒª×÷ÓÃ[15]¡£Ä¿Ç°È«ÇòÉúÎï»ù»¯Ñ§Æ·ÉÌÒµ»¯·¢Õ¹µÄÈȵã°üÀ¨ÉúÎïËÜÁÏ¡¢ÉúÎï»ùçúçêËá¡¢ÉúÎï»ù¶¡´¼¡¢ÉúÎï²ñÓÍ¡¢ÉúÎï»ù¸ÊÓͼ°ÆäÑÜÉúÎïÒÔ¼°ÉúÎïÒìÎì¶þÏ©ÓëÉúÎïÏ𽺡£¶øרÀûÉêÇëÊýÁ¿ÔòÊÇ·´Ó³ÉúÎï»ù»¯Ñ§Æ·²úÒµ·¢Õ¹×´¿öµÄÖØÒªÖ¸±ê£¬Òò´Ë±¾ÎÄͨ¹ý¶ÔÊÀ½ç֪ʶ²úȨ×éÖ¯(WIPO)µÄÔÚÏßÊý¾Ý¿âµÄרÀûÊý¾Ý½øÐмìË÷£¬µÃµ½ÁËÉÏÊöÈ«ÇòÉúÎï»ù»¯Ñ§Æ·Ïà¹ØרÀûµÄÈ«Çò·Ö²¼Çé¿ö(±í 1)¡£´Ó¸÷ÉúÎï»ù»¯Ñ§Æ·µÄרÀû×ÜÁ¿À´¿´£¬ÉúÎïËÜÁÏÏà¹ØרÀûµÄÊýÁ¿×î¶à(33.7%)£¬Æä´ÎÊÇÉúÎï»ù¸ÊÓÍ(30.3%)ºÍÉúÎï»ùçúçêËá(16.5%)£»´Ó¸÷ÉúÎï»ù»¯Ñ§Æ·×¨ÀûËùÊô¹ú¼Ò(¾¼ÃÌå)À´¿´£¬ÃÀ¹úÒÔѹµ¹ÐÔµÄÓÅÊÆÕ¼¾ÝµÚÒ»Ãû£¬½ô½Ó×ÅÊÇÅ·ÃË¡¢°Ä´óÀûÑǺͼÓÄô󣬶øÖйúµÄרÀû×ÜÁ¿½öΪ330¼þ£¬ÓëÆäËû¹ú¼Ò(¾¼ÃÌå)Ïà±È´æÔںܴó²î¾à¡£
±í 1 È«ÇòÖ÷ÒªÉúÎï»ù»¯Ñ§Æ·Ïà¹ØרÀûÊýÁ¿Table 1 Number of patents related to major bio-based chemicals
Country (economy union) | Bioplastic | Bio-based succinic acid | Bio-based butanol | Bio-based diesel | Bio-based glycerin | Bio-based isoprene | Bio-based rubber | Total |
US | 106 727 | 46 545 | 20 179 | 6 077 | 88 354 | 4 825 | 28 215 | 300 922 |
EU | 22 933 | 12 479 | 5 736 | 1 444 | 22 609 | 1 396 | 6 508 | 73 105 |
Australia | 20 232 | 11 928 | 4 622 | 1 262 | 21 390 | 857 | 5 148 | 65 439 |
Canada | 19 034 | 10 863 | 4 244 | 1 135 | 19 194 | 826 | 4 829 | 60 125 |
New Zealand | 2 007 | 1 458 | 565 | 59 | 2 380 | 52 | 503 | 7 024 |
Israel | 1 856 | 1 300 | 624 | 62 | 1 998 | 51 | 472 | 6 363 |
UK | 1 318 | 439 | 393 | 141 | 647 | 52 | 476 | 3 466 |
South Africa | 1 131 | 899 | 415 | 28 | 1 434 | 39 | 305 | 4 251 |
China | 183 | NA | 34 | 41 | NA | 8 | 64 | 330 |
Total | 175 421 | 85 911 | 36 812 | 10 249 | 158 006 | 8 106 | 46 520 | 521 025 |
Note: ¡°NA¡± indicates data is missing. |
±íÑ¡Ïî
2 È«ÇòÉúÎï²úÒµ·¢Õ¹Ìصã2.1 ¿Æ¼¼´´ÐÂËٶȼӿìÉúÎï²úÒµÊǼ¼ÊõÃܼ¯Ð͵ĸ߶˿Ƽ¼²úÒµ£¬¶Ô¼¼Êõ´´ÐµÄÒªÇó¸ß£¬Ö»ÓÐÕÆÎÕºËÐÄÉúÎï¿Æ¼¼£¬²ÅÄÜÔÚÈ«ÇòÉúÎï²úÒµ¼ÛÖµÁ´ÖÐÕ¼¾ÝÖ÷µ¼µØλ¡£Ò»·½Ã棬ÉúÎï¿ÆѧµÄµß¸²ÐÔ´´ÐÂÕýÔÚÇý¶¯×ÅÉúÎï¼¼ÊõºÍÉúÎï²úÒµµÄ¿ìËÙ·¢Õ¹¡£
ÉúÎïÒ½Ò©·½Ã棬·Ö×ÓÉúÎïѧ¡¢»ùÒò×éѧ¡¢µ°°×ÖÊ×éѧµÈÉúÃü¿Æѧ²»¶ÏÍ»ÆÆ£¬´Ù½øÁËÒ©ÎïµÝËÍ¡¢µ¥·Ö×Ó²âÐò¡¢µ°°×Öʹ¤³ÌµÈÉúÎï¼¼ÊõµÄ½ø²½£¬½ø¶øÇý¶¯ÁËÒ©ÎïÑз¢¡¢¸ßЧ»ùÒò²âÐòƽ̨¡¢CAR-T¡¢Èںϵ°°×µÈ²úÒµÁìÓòµÄ·¢Õ¹£»ÁíÒ»·½Ã棬´«Í³ÉúÃü¿ÆѧÁìÓòÕýÔÚÓë°üÀ¨3D´òÓ¡¡¢È˹¤ÖÇÄÜ¡¢ÔƼÆËã¡¢´óÊý¾Ý¡¢ÎïÁªÍø¡¢Çø¿éÁ´¡¢ÖÇÄÜÖÆÔì¡¢»úÆ÷È˵ÈÔÚÄÚµÄм¼Êõ½»²æÈںϣ¬¿ªÍØÁËÔÙÉúÒ½ÁÆ¡¢Êý×ÖÒ½ÁÆ¡¢ÖÇ»ÛÒ½ÁƵȲúÒµ£¬ÎªÎ´À´ÉúÎïÒ½Ò©²úÒµ·¢Õ¹ÌṩÁ˹ãÀ«Ç°¾°¡£
ת»ùÒò×÷ÎïÖÖÖ²²úÒµ·½Ã棬ͬʱ¾ß±¸¿¹Äæ¡¢¿¹³æ¡¢¿¹³ý²Ý¼ÁµÄ¸´ºÏÐÔ״ת»ùÒòÅ©×÷ÎïÖÖ×Ó³ÉΪÑз¢Èȵ㲢ÕýÔڵõ½ÍƹãÓ¦Ó㬴ËÍ⣬µÚ¶þ´úת»ùÒò×÷ÎïÒÔ»ùÒò¹¤³Ì£¬ÌرðÊÇÖ²Îï´úл¹¤³ÌΪ»ù´¡£¬Öصã¸ÄÁ¼Á˲úÆ·Æ·ÖÊ¡¢Ôö¼ÓÓªÑø¡¢Ìá¸ßʳƷµÄÒ½ÁƱ£½¡¹¦ÄÜ£¬»òÓÃÓÚ¹¤ÒµÔÁÏ£¬Ôö¼ÓÅ©¸±²úÆ·µÄ¸½¼ÓÖµ¡£
ÉúÎï»ù»¯Ñ§Æ·²úÒµ·½Ã棬΢ÉúÎøµÈ׿ԽÉúÎï´ß»¯¼ÁµÄ¹¦ÄÜÑз¢Óë¸Ä½ø¸ü¼ÓÖÇÄܸßЧ£¬ÓÐÍû´øÀ´»¯Ñ§Æ·ºÍ²ÄÁÏÂÌÉ«ÖÆÔìµÄбä¸ï¡£
ÉúÎïÄÜÔ´²úÒµ·½Ã棬ÈËÀ಻¶ÏÔÚ̽Ë÷ÐÂÐÍÉúÎïÖÊÄÜÔ´ÒÔ¼°Ìá¸ßÉúÎïÄÜԴת»¯Âʵķ½·¨£¬ÒÔÆÚÔÚδÀ´ÍêÈ«Ìæ´ú»¯Ê¯ÄÜÔ´£¬ÊµÏÖÂÌÉ«·¢Õ¹¡£
2.2 Ñз¢Í¶ÈëÁ¦¶ÈÔöǿΪӦ¶ÔÈÕÇ÷¼¤ÁҵĹú¼ÊÒ½Ò©²úÒµ¾ºÕù¾ÖÊÆ£¬È«Çò¸÷´óÉúÎïÒ½Ò©ÆóÒµÕùÏà¼Ó´ó¿ÆÑÐͶÈë¡£´ÓÅ·ÃËίԱ»áÔÚ2017ÄêºÍ2019Ä깫²¼µÄ¡¶È«Çò²úÒµÑз¢Í¶È뱨¸æ¡·[16-17]ÖзֱðÑ¡È¡Á˵±ÄêÈ«ÇòÑз¢Í¶ÈëÕ¼±È×î¸ßµÄ10¼ÒÉúÎï¼¼Êõ¹«Ë¾Èç±í 2Ëùʾ¡£´ÓÉÏ°ñÆóÒµµÄÑз¢Õ¼±ÈÀ´¿´£¬ÉúÎï¼¼Êõ¹«Ë¾µÄÑз¢Í¶ÈëÆÕ±éÆ«¸ß£¬2017ÄêµÄƽ¾ùÑз¢Õ¼±ÈΪ27.5%£¬2019ÄêµÄΪ29.1%£¬¶ø2017ÄêºÍ2019ÄêÈ«ÇòÆäËûÐÐÒµÑз¢Í¶ÈëÕ¼±È×î¸ßµÄÇ°10¼Ò¹«Ë¾µÄƽ¾ùÑз¢Í¶Èë·Ö±ðΪ23.4%ºÍ25.4%£¬¾ùµÍÓÚÉúÎï¼¼ÊõÆóÒµ£¬Õâ͹ÏÔÁËÉúÎï¼¼ÊõÆóÒµÑз¢Í¶ÈëÇ¿¶È½Ï¸ßµÄÌص㣻´ÓÉÏ°ñÆóÒµµÄ¹ú¼Ò·Ö²¼À´¿´£¬¿ÉÒÔ¿´³öÃÀ¹ú¡¢Å·ÖÞºÍÈÕ±¾µÄÉúÎï¼¼ÊõÆóÒµ¸ü×¢ÖØÑз¢Í¶È룬¶øĿǰûÓÐÖйúÆóÒµÉÏ°ñ£¬Õâ±íÏÖÁËÖйúÆóÒµÑз¢Í¶Èë²»¸ßµÄÎÊÌ⣻´Ó¸÷ÉÏ°ñÆóÒµµÄºáÏò¶Ô±ÈÀ´¿´£¬¿ÉÒÔ·¢ÏÖÑз¢Í¶ÈëÕ¼±È½Ï¸ßµÄÆóÒµÆÕ±éÑз¢Í¶Èë½ð¶î²»¸ß£¬¼´ÆóÒµ¹æÄ£²»¸ß£¬ÕâÌåÏÖ³öÖÐСÉúÎïÆóÒµ¸ü×¢ÖØÑз¢Í¶ÈëÒÔÆÚÔÚÊг¡¼¼Êõ¸ïÐÂÖÐÕ¼¾ÝÓÅÊÆ£»´ÓÉÏ°ñÆóÒµµÄʱ¼ä±ä»¯ÌØÕ÷À´¿´£¬Æ½¾ùÑз¢Í¶ÈëÕ¼±È´Ó2017ÄêµÄ27.5%Ôö³¤µ½2019ÄêµÄ29.1%£¬³ÊÏÖ³öÑз¢Í¶ÈëÈȶÈÉÏÉýÇ÷ÊÆ¡£
±í 2 2017ºÍ2019ÄêÈ«ÇòÉúÎï¼¼Êõ¹«Ë¾Ñз¢Ç¿¶ÈÅÅÃûTable 2 Ranking of global biotech companies by R & D intensity in 2017 and 2019
Ranking | 2017 | 2019 | |||||||
Company | Country | R & D (€bn) | R & D int. (%) | Company | Country | R & D (€bn) | R & D int. (%) | ||
1 | Vertex Pharma | US | 1.01 | 62.5 | Incyte | US | 1.03 | 62.6 | |
2 | Celgene | US | 4.24 | 39.8 | Vertex Pharma | US | 1.23 | 46.2 | |
3 | Bristol-Myers Squibb | US | 4.60 | 24.9 | Celgene | US | 3.97 | 28.8 | |
4 | AstraZeneca | UK | 5.36 | 24.6 | Bristol-Myers Squibb | Belgium | 1.13 | 25.5 | |
5 | Daiichi Sankyo | Japan | 1.74 | 22.4 | UCB | UK | 4.63 | 24.0 | |
6 | Boehringer Sohn | Germany | 3.11 | 21.0 | AstraZeneca | US | 8.46 | 22.9 | |
7 | Eli Lilly | US | 4.18 | 20.8 | Merck | Japan | 1.61 | 21.9 | |
8 | Takeda Pharma | Japan | 2.73 | 20.1 | Daiichi Sankyo | Japan | 1.01 | 20.0 | |
9 | Roche | Switzerland | 9.24 | 19.6 | Eisai | Switzerland | 9.80 | 19.4 | |
10 | Allergan | Ireland | 2.68 | 19.4 | Roche | US | 2.27 | 19.3 | |
Average | 3.89 | 27.5 | Average | 3.51 | 29.1 |
±íÑ¡Ïî
2.3 ×ʱ¾Êг¡ÐèÇó¶È¸ßÉúÎï²úÒµÓÈÆäÊÇÉúÎïÒ½Ò©²úÒµ´æÔÚ×ÅÑз¢×ʽðÁ¿´ó¡¢²úÆ·Ñз¢ÖÜÆÚ³¤¡¢¼¼Êõ´´Ð³ɹ¦Âʵ͵ÈÌص㣬µ¼ÖÂÆä¶Ô×ʱ¾Êг¡µÄÐèÇó¶È½Ï¸ß¡£´Ó´óÐÍÉúÎïÉú¼¼¹«Ë¾µÄÉÏÊÐÇé¿öÀ´¿´£¬¸ù¾Ý°²ÓÀ»á¼ÆʦÊÂÎñËù(Ernst & Young)µÄÊý¾ÝÏÔʾ£¬2014Ä꣬¼´ÉÏÒ»¸ö¸ß·å£¬ÓÐ88¼ÒÉúÎï¼¼Êõ¹«Ë¾³ï¼¯ÁË63ÒÚÃÀÔªµÄIPO×ʽ𡣶ø2018Ä꣬¹²ÓÐ71¼ÒÉúÎï¼¼Êõ¹«Ë¾ÉÏÊУ¬Ä¼×Ê×ܶî¸ß´ï83ÒÚÃÀÔª£¬Ô¶³¬2014Äê[18]¡£2018ÄêÉúÎï¼¼ÊõIPOƽ¾ùÿ±Êļ¼¯×ʽ𳬹ý1.16ÒÚÃÀÔª£¬¶ø2014ÄêµÄ¾ùֵΪ7 300ÍòÃÀÔª£¬ÔöÕÇÁË4 300ÍòÃÀÔª[18]¡£´ÓÖÐСÐÍÉú¼¼¹«Ë¾µÄÈÚ×ÊÇé¿öÀ´¿´£¬·çÏÕͶ×ʳÉΪÆäÈÚ×ʵÄÖØÒªÇþµÀ£¬ÒÔÃÀ¹úΪÀý£¬Æä·¢´ïµÄ·çÏÕͶ×Êģʽ¶Ô°üº¬ÉúÎï²úÒµÔÚÄڵĸßм¼Êõ²úÒµ·¢Õ¹¾ßÓÐÃ÷ÏԵĴٽø×÷ÓÃ[19]£¬ÖµµÃÎÒ¹ú½è¼ø¡£¸ù¾ÝÓ¢¹úÉúÎï²úҵлá(BIA)ÔÚ2020Äê1Ô·¢²¼µÄÉúÎï²úÒµÈÚ×ÊÇé¿ö·ÖÎö±¨¸æ[20]ÏÔʾ£¬2019ÄêÃÀ¹úÉúÎï¼¼Êõ²úÒµµÄ·çÏÕͶ×Ê×ܶî¸ß´ï95ÒÚÓ¢°÷£¬¾ÓÊÀ½çµÚÒ»£¬Æä´ÎÊÇÅ·ÖÞ(26ÒÚÓ¢°÷)£¬ÖйúλÓÚµÚÈý£¬Æä·çÏÕͶ×ʶîΪ20ÒÚÓ¢°÷£¬¿ÉÒÔ¿´³öÖйúÉúÎï²úÒµµÄ·çÏÕ×ʱ¾½»Ò×Êг¡ÓëÃÀ¹úÈÔÓнϴó²î¾à¡£
2.4 ²úÒµ¾Û¼¯ÏÖÏóÃ÷ÏÔµ±Ç°È«ÇòÉúÎï²úÒµ¼¯ÈºÏòן߶Ⱦۼ¯»¯·¢Õ¹£¬Ä¿Ç°ÃÀ¹úÒÑÐγÉÁ˾ɽðɽ¡¢²¨Ê¿¶Ù¡¢»ªÊ¢¶Ù¡¢±±¿¨ÂÞÀ³ÄÉ¡¢Ê¥µØÑǸçÎå´óÉúÎï¼¼Êõ²úÒµ¼¯¾ÛÇø[21]£»Ó¢¹ú½£ÇſƼ¼Ô°¡¢·¨¹úÀï°ºÉúÎï¼¼ÊõÔ°¡¢Ð¼ÓÆÂÆô°ÂÉúÃü¿Æѧ԰¡¢ÈÕ±¾Éñ»§²úÒµÔ°ÇøµÈÉúÎï¼¼Êõ²úÒµÔ°Çø¶¼¾Û¼¯ÁËÖÚ¶àÉúÎï¼¼Êõ¹«Ë¾£»ÎÒ¹úÒ²½¨Á¢ÁË°üÀ¨±±¾©¡¢ÉϺ£¡¢¹ãÖÝ¡¢ÉîÛÚ¡¢Ê¯¼Òׯ¡¢³¤´º¡¢Çൺ¡¢³¤É³¡¢Î人¡¢À¥Ã÷¡¢ÖØÇìºÍ³É¶¼ÔÚÄÚµÄ12¸ö¹ú¼ÒÉúÎï²úÒµ»ùµØ¡£²úÒµ¾Û¼¯Äܹ»ÓÐЧ´Ù½ø¼¼Êõ´´Ð£¬Ôö¼Ó×ʽð¡¢È˲š¢Îï×Ê¡¢¼¼ÊõºÍ¹ÜÀíµÄ¸ßЧ½»Á÷£¬ÓÐÀûÓÚÉúÎï²úÒµµÄ·¢Õ¹£¬³ÉΪÁËÄ¿Ç°È«ÇòÉúÎï²úÒµ·¢Õ¹µÄÌصãºÍÇ÷ÊÆÖ®Ò»¡£
3 ÎÒ¹úÉúÎï²úÒµµÄ·¢Õ¹Æ¿¾±¼°Õþ²ß½¨Òé3.1 Ìá¸ßÉúÎï¿Æѧ´´ÐÂˮƽ£¬´Ù½ø²úѧÑÐÉî¶ÈÈںϷ¢Õ¹ÎÒ¹úÉúÎï²úÒµµÄ´´ÐÂˮƽ½ÏµÍ£¬Ò»²¿·ÖÔÒòÊÇ»ù´¡ÉúÎï¿ÆѧµÄÑо¿Ë®Æ½²»¸ß£¬ÌåÏÖÔÚÎÒ¹úÉúÎï¼¼ÊõÁìÓòÏà¹ØµÄÂÛÎÄ¡¢×¨ÀûµÈÑо¿³É¹ûÊýÁ¿ÓÐÏÞ£¬ÖÊÁ¿²Î²î²»Æ룬ÖØ´ó¿ÆÑгɹû²»×㣬ѧÊõÓ°ÏìÁ¦½ÏµÍ£»ÁíÒ»·½Ã棬ÉúÎï¼¼ÊõÁìÓòµÄÍ»ÆƲ»ÄܺܺõØÓ¦Óõ½Êµ¼ÊÉú²úÖÐÈ¥£¬´æÔÚÀíÂÛÓëʵ¼ùÍѽڵÄÎÊÌâ¡£»ùÓÚ´Ë£¬ÎÒ¹úÓ¦µ±Ìá¸ßÉúÎï¿Æѧ´´ÐÂˮƽ£¬¼ÓÇ¿»ù´¡ÉúÎï¿ÆѧÀíÂÛÑо¿£¬´Ù½øÉúÎï¿ÆѧÓëÆäËûÁìÓòµÄ½»²æÈںϣ¬¼á¶¨²»ÒÆ×ßÖйúÌØÉ«ÉúÎï²úÒµ×ÔÖ÷´´ÐµÀ·£¬ÅàÑø¾ßÓйú¼ÊÒ»Á÷ˮƽµÄÉúÎï¿Æ¼¼È˲źÍÍŶӣ¬½¨Éè¾ß±¸¹ú¼Ê¾ºÕùÁ¦µÄ¿ÆÑлú¹¹£¬¼Ó¿ìʵʩ´´ÐÂÇý¶¯·¢Õ¹Õ½ÂÔ£»Òª½øÒ»²½É¿Æ¼¼ÌåÖƸĸ½¨Á¢ÒÔÉúÎï¼¼ÊõÆóҵΪÖ÷Ìå¡¢ÉúÎï²úÒµÊг¡Îªµ¼Ïò¡¢²úѧÑÐÉî¶ÈÈںϵļ¼Êõ´´ÐÂÌåϵ£¬¼ÓÇ¿¶ÔÖÐСÆóÒµ´´ÐµÄÖ§³Ö£¬´Ù½ø¿Æ¼¼³É¹ûת»¯¡£
3.2 ÓÅ»¯ÉúÎï²úÒµ·¢Õ¹½á¹¹£¬¼Ó¿ìÉúÎï²úÒµ¸ßÖÊÁ¿·¢Õ¹ÎÒ¹úÉúÎï²úÒµµÄ·¢Õ¹½á¹¹²»ÉõºÏÀí£¬¸÷ϸ·Ö²úÒµ·¢Õ¹±ÈÀý²»Ðµ÷¡¢¸÷µØÇøÉúÎï²úÒµ·¢Õ¹²»¾ùºâÏÖÏóÑÏÖØ£»ÉúÎï²úÒµ·¢Õ¹ÒÔÖÆÔì¼Ó¹¤ÎªÖ÷£¬ÔÚÈ«ÇòÉúÎï²úÒµ¼ÛÖµÁ´Öд¦ÓÚÈõÊƵØ룬ÉúÎï²úÒµÊг¡ÂúÒâ¶È½ÏµÍ£¬ÉúÎï¼¼Êõ²úÆ·ÖÊÁ¿²»¸ß¡£»ùÓÚ´Ë£¬ÎÒ¹úÓ¦µ±×ª»»ÉúÎï²úÒµ·¢Õ¹¶¯ÄÜ£¬ÊµÏÖÉúÎï²úÒµ·¢Õ¹ÓÉ×·ÇóÊýÁ¿¹æÄ£À©ÕÅÏò×·ÇóÖÊÁ¿Ð§ÂÊ·½Ïòת±ä£¬´Ù½øÉúÎï²úÒµ¸ßÖÊÁ¿·¢Õ¹£»Í³³ïÉúÎï²úÒµÇøÓòе÷·¢Õ¹£¬ÊµÏÖÈ«¹úÉúÎï²úÒµÓÅÊÆ»¥²¹¡¢¹²Í¬·¢Õ¹µÄиñ¾Ö£»ÍƽøÉúÎï²úÒµ¹©¸ø²à½á¹¹ÐԸĸ´ÓÉúÎï¼¼Êõ²úÆ·Ïû·ÑÕß³ö·¢£¬Ìá¸ßÉúÎï²úÒµÊг¡ÂúÒâ¶È¡£
3.3 ¼ÓÇ¿ÉúÎï²úÒµ×ʽðÖ§³Ö£¬½¨Á¢ÊÊÓ¦ÏÖ´ú»¯ÉúÎï²úÒµÌصãµÄÈÚ×Ê»·¾³ÎÒ¹ú×÷ΪÊÀ½çÐÂÐ˾¼ÃÌ壬×ʱ¾Êг¡³ÉÊì¶ÈÓëÅ·ÃÀµÈ·¢´ï¹ú¼ÒÏà±È´æÔÚÒ»¶¨²î¾à£¬¶øÑз¢·çÏսϸߵÄÉúÎï²úÒµÐèÒªÕþ¸®µÄ´óÁ¦Ö§³Ö£¬Õâµ¼ÖÂÎÒ¹úÖÐСÐÍÉúÎï¼¼ÊõÆóÒµÈÚ×ÊÀ§ÄÑ£¬²úÆ·Ñз¢ÄÑÒÔ¿ªÕ¹£¬´Ó¶øÏÞÖÆÁËÎÒ¹úÉúÎï²úÒµµÄ·¢Õ¹¡£Òò´ËÎÒ¹úÓ¦µ±¼Ó¿ì½¨Á¢ÏÖ´ú»¯µÄÉúÎï²úÒµÈÚ×Ê»·¾³£¬·¢Õ¹Ö¤È¯Êг¡ÈÚ×ʺͷçÏÕͶ×Ê[22]£¬²¢¹ÄÀøÉúÎï²úÒµÃñ¼äͶ×Ê£¬Îª³õ´´ÉúÎïÆóÒµºÍÖÐСÉúÎïÆóÒµÌṩͶÈÚ×ÊÖ§³ÖµÈÓÅ»ÝÕþ²ß£»Ó¦µ±ÔÊÐí°üÀ¨·ûºÏÌõ¼þµÄ¶¥¼¶Íâ¹ú»ú¹¹Í¶×ÊÕß¡¢Í¶×ÊÒøÐкÍ֤ȯ¹«Ë¾ÔÚÄÚµÄÖÚ¶àÊг¡²ÎÓëÕßÕ¹¿ª¹«Æ½¾ºÕù£»ÒªÓÅ»¯ÉúÎï¼¼Êõ¹«Ë¾ÉÏÊÐÖƶȣ¬Ìá¸ß²»ºÏ¸ñÆóÒµµÄÍËÊÐЧÂÊ£¬¹ÄÀøÉúÎï¼¼ÊõÆóÒµ¼ä²¢¹º¼°ÖªÊ¶²úȨתÒÆ£¬Í¨¹ý×ʱ¾Êг¡ÍêÉÆÉúÎï²úÒµ²úȨÖƶȺÍÒªËØ»¯Êг¡ÅäÖ㬳ä·Öµ÷¶¯ÉúÎï²úÒµÊг¡¾¼Ã»îÁ¦£¬ÎªÎÒ¹úÉúÎï²úÒµ·¢Õ¹Ìṩ½ðÈÚÉú̬±£ÕÏ¡£
3.4 ·Å¿íÉúÎï¾¼ÃÊг¡×¼È룬ÍêÉÆ¿ª·ÅÐÍÉúÎï¾¼ÃÌåÖÆÎÒ¹úÔÚÉúÎï²úÒµÊг¡×¼Èë·½ÃæÃ÷ÏÔÂäºóÓÚÅ·ÃÀµÈ·¢´ï¹ú¼Ò£¬Ïà¹ØÕþ²ßºÍ»úÖƵIJ»ÍêÉÆÊÇÄ¿Ç°ÏÞÖÆÉúÎï²úÒµ·¢Õ¹µÄÕÏ°Ö®Ò»¡£Õë¶ÔÕâÒ»ÎÊÌ⣬ÐèÒª´ÓÕþ²ß¹ÜÀí¶Ë×ÅÁ¦£ºÓ¦µ±½øÒ»²½Ö÷¶¯À©´óÉúÎï²úÒµ¶ÔÍ⿪·Å£¬½¡È«´Ù½ø¶ÔÍâÉúÎï²úҵͶ×ÊÕþ²ßºÍ·þÎñÌåϵ£¬ÍêÉÆÉúÎï²úÒµÉæÍâ¾Ã³·¨Âɺ͹æÔòÌåϵ£¬Ìá¸ß¹ú¼Ê»¯Êг¡¼à¹Ü͸Ã÷ÐÔ£»½øÒ»²½·Å¿íÊг¡×¼È룬ÎüÒý¸ü¶àÓÅÖÊÉúÎï¼¼ÊõÆóÒµºÍ²úÒµÔÚÎÒ¹úÉúÎï¾¼ÃÊг¡ÉĮ̈ͬ¾ºÕù£»Í¬Ê±ÍØÕ¹ÉúÎï²úÒµ¶ÔÍâóÒס¢È˲Ž»Á÷¡¢¿Æ¼¼ºÏ×÷¡¢×ʽð»¥Í¨£¬ÍêÉÆÉúÎï²úÒµÒªËØÊг¡»¯ÅäÖã»Í¬Ê±·¢»ÓÎÒ¹úÖÆÔìÒµÓÅÊÆ£¬´óÁ¦Òý½øÏà¹Ø²úÒµÔÚÖйú·¢Õ¹£¬´òÔì¸ß¶ËÉúÎïÖÆÔì¡£
3.5 Ãé×¼ÉúÎï²úÒµ¹ú¼Ê±ê×¼£¬Ìá¸ßÉúÎï²úÒµ¹ú¼Ê¾ºÕùÁ¦ÎÒ¹úÄ¿Ç°ÔÚÉúÎïÖÆÒ©¡¢ÉúÎïÄÜÔ´¡¢ÉúÎïÅ©Òµ¡¢ÉúÎï»ù²ÄÁϵȷ½Ãæ´ó¶àûÓвÉÓù淶µÄ¹ú¼Ê±ê×¼£¬µ¼ÖÂÎÒ¹úÉúÎï¼¼Êõ²úÆ·¹ú¼ÊÈϿɶȻ¹²»¹»¸ß£¬ÉúÎï²úҵȱ·¦¹ú¼Ê¾ºÕùÁ¦£¬È±·¦ÊÀ½çÁúÍ·ÉúÎï¼¼Êõ¹«Ë¾Æ·ÅÆ¡£Õë¶ÔÕâÒ»ÎÊÌ⣬ÎÒ¹úÓ¦µ±»ý¼«Óë¹ú¼Ê½Ó¹ì£¬Ãé×¼ÉúÎï²úÒµ¹ú¼Ê±ê×¼£¬ÔÚ×ÛºÏÌá¸ßÉúÎï¿Æѧ´´ÐÂˮƽ¡¢ÓÅ»¯ÉúÎï²úÒµ·¢Õ¹½á¹¹¡¢¼ÓÇ¿ÉúÎï²úÒµ×ʽðÖ§³ÖÒÔ¼°·Å¿íÉúÎï¾¼ÃÊг¡×¼ÈëµÈÕþ²ßµÄÒýÁìÏ£¬×ÅÁ¦´òÔì¾ß±¸È«Çò¾ºÕùÁ¦µÄÉúÎï²úÒµ¹ú¼ÊÆ·ÅÆÒÔ¼°È«ÇòÖªÃûµÄÉúÎï¼¼Êõ¹«Ë¾¡£
²Î¿¼ÎÄÏ×
[1] | Davis S, Meyer C. What will replace the tech economy. Time, 2000, 155(21): 76-77. |
[2] | National bioeconomy blueprint[EB/OL].[2020-05-27]. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/national_bioeconomy_blueprint_april_2012.pdf. |
[3] | Innovating for sustainable growth: A bioeconomy for Europe[EB/OL]. (2012-02-13)[2020-05-27]. http://ec.europa.eu/research/bioeconomy/pdf/official-strategy_en.pdf. |
[4] | OE CD. Biobased chemicals and bioplastics: Finding the right policy balance. Paris: OECD Publishing, 2014, 2. |
[5] | Kolympiris C, Kalaitzandonakes N, Miller D. Location choice of academic entrepreneurs: Evidence from the US biotechnology industry. J Bus Vent, 2015, 30(2): 227-254. |
[6] | Ozan DC, Baran Y. Comparative development of knowledge-based bioeconomy in the European Union and Turkey. Crit Rev Biotechnol, 2014, 34(3): 269-280. |
[7] | "Ê®ÈýÎå"¹ú¼Ò¿Æ¼¼´´Ð¹滮[EB/OL].[2020-05-27]. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2016-08/08/content_5098072.htm. |
[8] | "Ê®ÈýÎå"ÉúÎï²úÒµ·¢Õ¹¹æ»®[EB/OL]. (2016-12-20)[2020-05-27]. https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/fggz/fzzlgh/gjjzxgh/201706/W020191104624250601539.pdf. |
[9] | Wang Y, Li PP, Zhang YP, et al. Current situation of global biotechnology input and output and China's strategies. China Sci Technol Resour Rev, 2018, 50(6): 30-34,100 (in Chinese). ÍõÓ¨, ÀîƼƼ, ÕÅһƽ, µÈ. È«ÇòÉúÎï¼¼ÊõͶÈë²ú³öÏÖ×´·ÖÎö¼°¶Ô²ßÑо¿. Öйú¿Æ¼¼×ÊÔ´µ¼¿¯, 2018, 50(6): 30-34,100. |
[10] | ISAAA. Global status of commercialized biotech/GM crops in 2018. China Biotechnol, 2019, 39(8): 1-6 (in Chinese). ¹ú¼ÊÅ©ÒµÉúÎï¼¼ÊõÓ¦Ó÷þÎñ×éÖ¯. 2018ÄêÈ«ÇòÉúÎï¼¼Êõ/ת»ùÒò×÷ÎïÉÌÒµ»¯·¢Õ¹Ì¬ÊÆ. ÖйúÉúÎ﹤³ÌÔÓÖ¾, 2019, 39(8): 1-6. |
[11] | The bioeconomy to 2030: Designing a policy agenda[EB/OL].[2020-05-27]. http://www.oecd.org/futures/long-termtechnologicalsocietalchallenges/42837897.pdf. |
[12] | Zhang LX, Li WS, Bai JY, et al. Evaluating the international competitiveness for the biology industry of China based on AHP. Sci Technol Manag Res, 2010, 30(10): 32-34 (in Chinese). ÕÅÁìÏÈ, ÀîΰÊé, °×¾©Óð, µÈ. »ùÓÚAHPµÄÎÒ¹úÉúÎï²úÒµ¹ú¼Ê¾ºÕùÁ¦ÆÀ¼Û. ¿Æ¼¼¹ÜÀíÑо¿, 2010, 30(10): 32-34. |
[13] | Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops in 2017[EB/OL].[2020-05-27]. https://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/53/download/isaaa-brief-53-2017.pdf. |
[14] | Global bioenergy statistics 2019[EB/OL].[2020-05-27]. https://worldbioenergy.org/uploads/191129%20WBA%20GBS%202019_HQ.pdf. |
[15] | A sustainable bioeconomy for Europe: Strengthening the connection between economy, society and the environment[EB/OL].[2020-05-27]. https://ec.europa.eu/research/bioeconomy/pdf/ec_bioeconomy_strategy_2018.pdf. |
[16] | Hern¨¢ndez H, Grassano N, T¨¹bke A, et al. The 2017 EU industrial R & D investment scoreboard. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2017, 66. |
[17] | Hern¨¢ndez H, Grassano N, T¨¹bke A, et al. The 2019 EU industrial R & D investment scoreboard. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2019, 62. |
[18] | Morrison C. Boom: 2018's biotech IPOs. Nat Rev Drug Discov, 2019, 18(1): 3-6. |
[19] | Sun L, Lei LH. Development of venture capital market urgently needed in the construction of sci-tech innovation board ¡ª Empirical analysis based on American data. Sci Technol Economy, 2020, 33(1): 61-65 (in Chinese). ËïÁú, À×Á¼º£. ¿Æ´´°å½¨ÉèؽÐè´´Òµ·çÏÕͶ×ÊÊг¡µÄ·¢Õ¹¡ª¡ª»ùÓÚÃÀ¹úÄÉ˹´ï¿ËºÍ´´Òµ·çÏÕͶ×ʵÄʵ֤·ÖÎö. ¿Æ¼¼Óë¾¼Ã, 2020, 33(1): 61-65. |
[20] | Global and growing: UK biotech financing in 2019[EB/OL].[2020-05-27]. https://www.bioindustry.org/uploads/assets/uploaded/cc26cb0f-3097-43f4-9b5a6d0008941b2d.pdf. |
[21] | Jiang YH, Zhao WH. The role of research-oriented universities in regional innovation cluster: cases of five biopharmaceutical clusters in the United States. Res Higher Edu Eng, 2017, 35(5): 102-108 (in Chinese). ½Óýºã, ÕÔÎÄ»ª. Ñо¿ÐÍ´óѧÔÚÇøÓò´´Ð¼¯ÈºÖеÄ×÷ÓÃÑо¿:ÒÔÃÀ¹úÎå´óÉúÎïÒ½Ò©¼¯¾ÛÇøΪÀý. ¸ßµÈ¹¤³Ì½ÌÓýÑо¿, 2017, 35(5): 102-108. |
[22] | Zhang P, Zhang Y. Design of development roadmap and policy roadmap for biotech industry in China. J Huazhong Agric Univ: Soc Sci Ed, 2013, 15(1): 1-5 (in Chinese). ÕÅƽ, ÕÅêÊ. ÎÒ¹úÉúÎï¼¼Êõ²úÒµ·¢Õ¹Óë²úÒµÕþ²ß·Ïßͼ¹¹Ïë. »ªÖÐÅ©Òµ´óѧѧ±¨:Éç»á¿Æѧ°æ, 2013, 15(1): 1-5. |