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Standards of water environmental protection and practical removal technologies of emerging contaminants
WEN Xianghua , SHEN Bo
State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084
Received 13 November 2017; received in revised from 20 December 2017; accepted 24 December 2017
Supported by the National Science and Technology Department International Cooperation Project (No. 2016YFE0118800) and the National Water Pollution Control and Treatment Science and Technology Major Project (No. 2017ZX07103)
*Corresponding author: WEN Xianghua, E-mail: xhwen@tsinghua.edu.cn
Abstract: In recent years, some emerging contaminants are frequently detected in municipal sewage, surface water and drinking water at home and abroad, which seriously threatens the ecoenvironmental safety and drinking water quality. Traditional organic pollutants control indicators, such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) etc., can neither reflect the pollution status of these pollutants nor the water quality completely. Therefore, the establishment of water environmental protection standards to control the harmful effects of emerging contaminants is very necessary. In addition, it is also very necessary to identify the efficient, economical, feasible and practical removal techniques from numerous studied technologies for removal of emerging contaminants in full-scale wastewater treatment plant. This paper mainly analyzes and introduces current status of international and domestic water environmental protection standards related to emerging contaminants, and summarizes some practical techniques for removal of emerging contaminants based on practical cases in developed countries, with a view to promote the development of related water environmental protection standards and to provide technical support for subsequent upgrading of sewage treatment plants.
Key words: emerging contaminantswater environmental protection standardspractical removal technologyozonationadsorption of powdered activated carbon
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±í 2(Table 2)
±í 2 ÈðÊ¿Ë®±£»¤·¨°¸(2016)ÖÐÑ¡¶¨µÄ12ÖÖECsָʾÎï¼°Æä»ù±¾²ÎÊý Table 2 12 selected ECs indicators in Swiss Water Protection Act (2016) and their basic information
±í 2 ÈðÊ¿Ë®±£»¤·¨°¸(2016)ÖÐÑ¡¶¨µÄ12ÖÖECsָʾÎï¼°Æä»ù±¾²ÎÊý Table 2 12 selected ECs indicators in Swiss Water Protection Act (2016) and their basic information
ÎïÖÊ Àà±ð ·Ö×Óʽ ·Ö×ÓÁ¿/(g¡¤mol-1)
°±»Ç±ØÀû °²¶¨Ò©Îï C17H27N3O4S 369.48
¿¨°Íßäຠ¿¹ñ²ðïÒ©Îï C15H12N2O 236.27
Î÷̪ÆÕÀ¼ ¿¹ÒÖÓôÒ©Îï C20H21FN2O 324.40
¿ËÀ­Ã¹ËØ ¿¹¾úÒ©Îï C38H69NO13 747.96
Ë«ÂÈ·ÒËá ÏûÑ×Ò©/ÖÎÁÆ·çʪҩÎï C14H11Cl2NO2 296.15
¶þÇâÂÈàç ÀûÄòÒ©Îï C7H8CIN3O4S2 297.73
ÃÀ¶àÂå¶û ¦Â-×è¶Ï¼Á C15H25NO3 267.37
ÎÄÀ­·¨ÐÁ ¿¹ÒÖÓôÒ©Îï C17H27NO2 277.41
±½²¢Èýßò ×èÊ´¼Á C6H5N3 119.13
¼×ÂȱûËá ³ý²Ý¼Á C10H11CIO3 214.65
¿²µØɳ̹ ¿¹¸ßѪѹҩÎï C24H20N6O3 440.46
ÒÀ±´É³Ì¹ ¿¹¸ßѪѹҩÎï C25H28N6O 428.54


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ͼ 1(Fig. 1)
ͼ 1 ÐÂÐËÎÛȾÎïÏà¹ØÎÄÕ·¢±íÇé¿ö (Êý¾ÝÀ´Ô´£ºWeb of Science) Fig. 1Published articles related to emerging contaminants (Data source: Web of Science)

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3.1 »îÐÔÌ¿Îü¸½»îÐÔÌ¿ÊÇ·ÏË®´¦ÀíÖÐ×î³£ÓõÄÎü¸½¼Á, ±»ÓÃÀ´È¥³ý¸÷ÖÖÓлúÎÛȾÎïºÍÓлú̼.»îÐÔÌ¿Îü¸½Í¨³£²ÉÓõÄÐÎʽÊÇͶ¼Ó·ÛÄ©»îÐÔÌ¿(PAC)»òÕß¿ÅÁ£»îÐÔÌ¿(GAC)ÌîÁÏ´²¹ýÂËÆ÷.Ä¿Ç°, PACÎü¸½ÊÇÈðÊ¿¡¢µÂ¹úµÈ¹ú¼Ò½øÐÐʵ¼ÊÎÛË®³§Éý¼¶¸ÄÔìʱʹÓÃ×î¹ã·ºµÄ¼¼Êõ, ½öµÂ¹úÒѾ­ÓÐ11¸öÒѾ­Íê³ÉÉý¼¶¸ÄÔìµÄÎÛË®´¦Àí³§²ÉÓÃPACÎü¸½¼¼Êõ.PACµÄʹÓ÷½Ê½Ö÷ÒªÊÇÖ±½ÓͶ¼ÓÔÚÆØÆø³Ø»òÕ߶þ³Á³ØºóÐÂÔöµÄÐõÄý³ØÖÐ, ÐèÒªºóÐøµÄ·ÖÀë²½Öè, µ«ÓëGACÏà±È, ³É±¾½ÏµÍ, ½Ó´¥Ê±¼ä½Ï¶Ì.ͼ 2¸ø³öÁË×î³£¼ûµÄ3ÖÖPACͶ¼Ó·½Ê½(Boehler et al., 2012), ¼´Ö±½ÓͶ¼Óµ½ÆØÆø³Ø(ͼ 2a), Ͷ¼Óµ½¶þ³Á³ØÖ®ºóµÄ¹ýÂ˳Ø(ͼ 2b)ºÍÓëÐõÄý¼ÁÒ»ÆðͶ¼Óµ½¶þ³Á³ØÖ®ºóµÄ½Ó´¥³Ø(ͼ 2c).Õâ3ÖÖͶ¼Ó·½Ê½¾ù¿ÉʵÏÖ¶ÔECsµÄÎȶ¨È¥³ý.ͼ 2a¹¤ÒÕ×î¼òµ¥, Ͷ×Ê·ÑÓÃ×îµÍ, ºóÐøÂ˳صÄÉèÖÿÉÒÔ±£Ö¤³öˮˮÖÊ, ½µµÍPACÁ÷ʧ, µ«ÕâÖÖ¹¤ÒÕµÄPACͶ¼ÓÁ¿×î¸ß£»Í¼ 2bºÍͼ 2c¹¤ÒÕ¿ÉÒÔÓÐЧ½ÚÊ¡30%~50%µÄPACͶ¼ÓÁ¿, µ«Á÷³ÌÏà¶Ô¸´ÔÓ, ÕûÌåÔì¼Û½Ï¸ß.GAC¹ýÂËÆ÷Ò»°ãÖÃÓÚ³£¹æÎÛË®´¦Àí³§¹¤ÒÕÖеĶþ³Á³ØÖ®ºó, ¼È¿ÉÎü¸½ÓֿɹýÂË, Ëü¿ÉÒÔÁ¬ÐøÔËÐÐ, ÎÞÐèºóÐøµÄ·ÖÀë²½Öè.
ͼ 2(Fig. 2)
ͼ 2 PACͶ¼ÓµÄ3ÖÖ·½Ê½ Fig. 2Three ways of PAC addition

»îÐÔÌ¿Îü¸½¹ý³ÌÊÜÐí¶àÒòËصÄÓ°Ïì, °üÀ¨»îÐÔÌ¿±¾ÉíÌØÐÔ(ÈçËùÓòÄÁÏ¡¢±È±íÃæ»ýºÍ±íÃ滯ѧÌØÐÔµÈ)¡¢ECsµÄÎﻯÌØÐÔ(Ö÷ÒªÊÇÊèË®ÐÔ¡¢ÈܽâÐÔ¡¢µçºÉºÍ·Ö×Ó´óСµÈ)¡¢ÈÜÒºµÄ»¯Ñ§ÌØÐÔºÍ×é·Ö(Èç¿ÉÈܽâÐÔÓлúÎï(DOM)µÈ)ºÍÆäËû»ù±¾²ÎÊý(Èç»îÐÔ̿Ͷ¼ÓÁ¿ºÍÎü¸½ÖʵÄŨ¶ÈµÈ)(Bonvin et al., 2016).Ñ¡ÔñÊÊÒ˵ÄPAC, ÓÅ»¯ÆäͶ¼ÓÁ¿¿ÉÌá¸ßÎü¸½È¥³ýЧÂÊ.Ñо¿½á¹û±íÃ÷, Ëæ×ÅÈܽâÐÔÓлú̼(DOC)µÄÔö¼Ó, PAC¶ÔECsµÄÎü¸½Ð§ÂÊÖð½¥½µµÍ.µ±¶þ¼¶³öË®ÖеÄDOCÔÚ5~10 mg¡¤L-1·¶Î§ÄÚʱ, ÐèҪͶ¼Ó10~20 mg¡¤L-1 PAC¿É´ïµ½¶ÔECsµÄÓÐЧȥ³ý(£¾80%), ͬʱÄÜ´ïµ½¶ÔDOC×î¸ß40%µÄÈ¥³ýÂÊ, Ë®Á¦Í£Áôʱ¼äΪ20~30 min, PACµÄÍ£Áôʱ¼äΪ1~2 d(Boehler et al., 2012).²ÉÓÃPAC»ØÁ÷µ½ÉúÎï³ØµÄ¹¤ÒձȲ»²ÉÓûØÁ÷µÄ¹¤ÒÕ(¹¤ÒÕ¼ûͼ 2c)¶ÔECsµÄÈ¥³ýÂÊ¿ÉÌá¸ß10%~50%, µ«Í¬Ê±Ò²»áÔö¼Ó5%~10%µÄÎÛÄà²úÉúÁ¿(McArdell, 2016).»ùÓÚʵ¼Ê¾­Ñé, PACÔÚʵ¼ÊÔËÐÐÖеÄÖ÷ÒªÎÊÌâÊÇÎÛË®ÖÐÆäËû¹²´æÓлúÎï¶ÔÎü¸½Î»µãµÄ¾ºÕù×÷Óü°¿×϶¶ÂÈûµ¼ÖµÄÎü¸½Ð§ÂʽµµÍ, ÁíÍâPACÎü¸½¹¤ÒÕ»á²úÉú´óÁ¿µÄº¬Ì¿ÎÛÄà, ʹÎÛÄà´¦ÀíÄܺÄÏàÓ¦Ôö¼Ó.¾ÝÎÄÏ×±¨µÀ, PACͶ¼ÓÁ¿Îª10~20 mg¡¤L-1ʱPACÎü¸½¹¤ÒյĵçÄÜÏûºÄԼΪ0.02 kWh¡¤m-3, ºó¼ÓÉ°Â˵¥Ôª²úÉúµÄµçÄÜÏûºÄԼΪ0.06 kWh¡¤m-3(Ðí¹ú¶°µÈ, 2016).¸ù¾ÝÈðÊ¿Áª°î»·¾³¾Ö±¨¸æ(Swiss Federal Council, 2015), ²ÉÓÃPACÎü¸½×÷ΪÉý¼¶¸ÄÔ칤ÒÕÈ¥³ýECs, µçÄÜÏûºÄ½«Ìá¸ß10%~30%, ×ܳɱ¾½«Ìá¸ß5%~35%, ³É±¾ËæÎÛË®´¦Àí³§¹æÄ£µÄÔö¼Ó¶ø½µµÍ.
ÓÉÓÚGAC³É±¾½Ï¸ß, ÔÙÉúÀ§ÄÑ, Òò´ËGACµÄʵ¼ÊÓ¦Óò»ÈçPAC¹ã·º, µ«Ëæ×ÅGACÔÙÉú³É±¾µÄ½µµÍ, ¶ÔGACµÄÑо¿»áÔ½À´Ô½¶à, »ùÓÚÏÖÓеÄÎÄÏ×±¨µÀ, ¿ÉÒÔÔ¤¼ÆGACÎü¸½¼¼ÊõÔÚÏÖÓÐÎÛË®´¦Àí³§Õë¶ÔECsÈ¥³ý½øÐеÄÉý¼¶¸ÄÔìÖоßÓÐÁ¼ºÃµÄÓ¦ÓÃÇ°¾°.
3.2 ³ôÑõÑõ»¯·¨³ýÁËPACÎü¸½Íâ, ³ôÑõÑõ»¯·¨ÊÇÅ·ÖÞÊ×Ñ¡µÄECsÈ¥³ý¼¼Êõ.ÈðÊ¿µÄWu?riÎÛË®´¦Àí³§(¹æÄ£8400 m3¡¤d-1)¡¢NeugutÎÛË®´¦Àí³§(¹æÄ£21000 m3¡¤d-1), µÂ¹úµÄBad SassendorfÎÛË®´¦Àí³§(¹æÄ£7200 m3¡¤d-1)¡¢Duisburg-VierlindenÎÛË®´¦Àí³§(¹æÄ£9600 m3¡¤d-1)¡¢DetmoldÎÛË®´¦Àí³§(¹æÄ£7200 m3¡¤d-1)ºÍSchwerteÎÛË®´¦Àí³§(¹æÄ£26400 m3¡¤d-1)¾ù²ÉÓóôÑõÑõ»¯¼¼Êõ×÷ΪÉý¼¶¸ÄÔ칤ÒÕ(Mulder et al., 2015).
³ôÑõÊÇÒ»ÖÖÇ¿Ñõ»¯¼Á(E0 =2.07 V)ºÍÏû¶¾¼Á, ³ôÑõ·Ö×Ó¿ÉÒÔÓÐÑ¡ÔñÐÔµØÓëË«¼ü¡¢°·Àà¡¢±½·ÓÑÜÉúÎïµÈ·¢ÉúÑõ»¯·´Ó¦, »òÕßͨ¹ýÐγÉôÇ»ù×ÔÓÉ»ù(¡¤ OH)ÓëÎÛȾÎï·¢Éú·ÇÑ¡ÔñÐÔµÄÑõ»¯·´Ó¦, ÇÒ¡¤ OHµÄ·´Ó¦ËÙÂʺܸß, ÓëÎÛȾÎï·´Ó¦µÄ¶þ¼¶ËÙÂʳ£ÊýÔÚ108~1010 L¡¤mol-1¡¤s-1·¶Î§ÄÚ(Gupta et al., 2017).µ«Ôڴ󲿷Öʵ¼Ê·ÏË®´¦ÀíϵͳÖÐ([¡¤OH]/[O3]¡Ö10-8), ¡¤ OHµÄŨ¶È·Ç³£µÍ(10-12 mol¡¤L-1ÊýÁ¿¼¶), ³ôÑõ·Ö×ÓµÄÑõ»¯×÷ÓÃÕ¼Ö÷µ¼, ¹¤ÒյĴ¦ÀíЧ¹ûÖ÷ÒªÊܳôÑõͶ¼ÓÁ¿¼°·´Ó¦Ê±¼ä¡¢ECsµÄ·Ö×ÓÎﻯÌØÐÔºÍË®ÖÊÌõ¼þ(DOCº¬Á¿)µÄÓ°Ïì(Barcel¨® et al., 2008).³ôÑõÑõ»¯Í¨³£ÖÃÓÚ¶þ¼¶ÉúÎïÑõ»¯¹¤ÒÕÖ®ºó, ³ôÑõÓÉ´¿Ñõ»òÕß¿ÕÆøͨ¹ý³ôÑõ·¢ÉúÆ÷ÖƱ¸, ·´Ó¦Æ÷¹¹ÔìÒ»°ã²ÉÓÃÏÂÏòÁ÷ʽ, Íâ½ÓβÆø´¦Àí×°ÖÃ, ÓÉÓÚ³ôÑõÑõ»¯·´Ó¦ÒײúÉúÐí¶àδ֪µÄ¸±²úÎï, ͨ³£ÔÚ³ôÑõ¶ÎºóÐè¼ÓºóÐø´¦Àí¹¤ÒÕ, Ò»°ãÊÇÉ°ÂËÆ÷»òÕßÉúÎïÂ˳Ø.³ôÑõÖƱ¸·ÑÓýϸß, Òò´Ë³ôÑõͶ¼ÓÁ¿¶ÔÓÚ³ôÑõÑõ»¯µÄ³É±¾À´ËµÊ®·ÖÖØÒª.»ùÓÚÖÐÊÔºÍʵ¼ÊÎÛË®´¦Àí³§µÄÊý¾Ý, µ±¶þ¼¶³öË®ÖÐDOCŨ¶ÈÔÚ5~15 mg¡¤L-1, ³ôÑõͶ¼ÓÁ¿Îª3~10 mg¡¤L-1ʱ¿É½«Ë®ÖÐ90%ÒÔÉϵÄÒ©ÎïºÍÅ©Ò©Ñõ»¯È¥³ý(Abegglen et al., 2009).ÈðÊ¿´Ó2014Äê3ÔÂÆð¿ªÊ¼Í¶ÈëÔËÐеÚÒ»¸öʹÓóôÑõÑõ»¯×÷Ϊ¸ß¼¶´¦Àí¹¤ÒÕµÄÎÛË®´¦Àí³§, ¼´NeugutÎÛË®´¦Àí³§, Æä¶þ¼¶³öË®DOCΪ3.5~6 mg¡¤L-1, ³ôÑõͶ¼ÓÁ¿ÔÚ2~5 mg¡¤L-1, ³ôÑõ½Ó´¥Ê±¼ä10 min, ¼ì²âµÄ12ÖÖECs¾ùÄÜ´ïµ½80%ÒÔÉϵÄÈ¥³ýÂÊ, ͬʱҲÆðµ½²¿·ÖÏû¶¾×÷ÓÃ, ¶øÄܺĽöÔö¼ÓÁË0.03 kWh¡¤m-3, ÔËÐÐ×ܳɱ¾Ôö¼ÓÁË10%×óÓÒ(McArdell, 2015).ͨ³£EDCsºÍPPCPsÀàÎïÖÊ¿ÉÒÔ±»³ôÑõÑõ»¯ÓÐЧ½µ½â, µ«Ò²ÓÐһЩECs²»Äܱ»ÓÐЧȥ³ý, Èçµâ»¯ÔìÓ°¼Á¡¢Ìðζ¼ÁµÈʳƷÌí¼Ó¼ÁºÍ¼×¸£Ã÷¶þ¼×Ë«ëÒ(¿¹ÌÇÄò²¡Ò©Îï)µÈÒ©Îï, ÕâÖ÷ÒªÓëËüÃǵĻ¯Ñ§ÐÔÖÊÓйØ.
³ôÑõÑõ»¯µÄÒ»¸öDZÔÚȱµãÊÇÓëECsºÍË®ÖÊ×é·Ö·´Ó¦µÄ¹ý³ÌÖÐÓÉÓÚ²»ÍêÈ«Ñõ»¯²úÉúÁËһЩδ֪µÄ»îÐÔ¸±²úÎï, ÈçһЩ¾ßÓж¾ÐÔµÄÑõ»¯¸±²úÎï, ÈçN-¶þ¼×»ùÑÇÏõ°·(NDMA)¡¢äåËáÑΡ¢¼×È©µÈ, ÕâЩ¸±²úÎïÉõÖÁ¿ÉÄÜ»áÔì³É³öË®¶¾ÐÔ¸ßÓÚ³ôÑõ´¦ÀíÇ°, Òò´ËºóÐøµÄ´¦Àí¹¤ÒÕÊ®·Ö±ØÒª.ÁíÍâ, ³ôÑõÖƱ¸¡¢É豸ά»¤³É±¾¼°ÄܺĽϸßÒ²ÊdzôÑõÑõ»¯µÄÒ»¸öȱµã, ÓÈÆäÊǶÔÓÚСÐÍÎÛË®´¦Àí³§.¸ù¾ÝÎÄÏ×±¨µÀ, СÐÍÎÛË®³§ÖгôÑõÑõ»¯(¼ÓÉ°ÂË)µÄÄܺÄÔÚ0.1~0.3 kWh¡¤m-3·¶Î§ÄÚ, ÆäÖгôÑõµÄÖƱ¸ÄܺÄÔ¼16~18 kWh¡¤kg-1.
3.3 ÄÉÂË/·´Éø͸ÔÚÆäËûECsÈ¥³ýÖÐ, Ĥ·ÖÀë¼¼ÊõÊܵ½µÄ¹Ø×¢½Ï¶à, ÆäÖÐÄÉÂË(NF)ºÍ·´Éø͸(RO)¶ÔECsµÄÈ¥³ýЧ¹û×îºÃ.NFºÍRO¼¼Êõ¾ù²ÉÓøßѹĤ, ÓÉÓÚËüÃǵĿ׾¶¼«Ð¡, ¿ÉÒÔ½ØÁô½ÏС·Ö×ÓÁ¿ÎïÖÊ, Ò»°ãÓ¦ÓÃÓÚÎÞ»úÀë×ÓºÍÓлúÎÛȾÎïµÄ½ØÁô.ROĤ(10~50 ?)¿ÉÒÔÓÐЧ½ØÁô(£¾90%)Ë®ÖÐÓлúС·Ö×ÓÎïÖÊ, Ïà¶ÔÀ´Ëµ, NFĤÓÉÓÚ¿×¾¶ÉÔ´ó(50~100 ?)½ØÁôЧ¹û²»ÈçROĤ.È»¶ø, NF¼¼ÊõµÄÄܺĽϵÍ, ÕâʹµÃNF¼¼Êõ±ÈRO¼¼Êõ¸ü¿ÉÐÐ(Yangali-Quintanilla et al., 2010).Ŀǰʵ¼ÊÓ¦ÓõÄË®»ØÓü¼ÊõÖÐ, Ó¦Óøü¶àµÄÊÇRO¶ø²»ÊÇNF, È»¶ø, NF¿ÉÄܶÔECsÓÐÀàËƵÄÈ¥³ýЧÂÊ»òÕßÔÚ²Ù×÷ºÍά»¤³É±¾·½Ãæ¸ü¾ßÓÐÓÅÊÆ.
Ĥ¶ÔECsµÄ½ØÁôÂÊÈ¡¾öÓÚECsµÄÎﻯÌØÐÔ(·Ö×Ó´óСºÍÖØÁ¿, µçºÉºÍÊèË®ÐÔ)¡¢Ä¤ÌØÐÔ(Ĥ²ÄÁÏ¡¢¿×¾¶µÈ)¼°²Ù×÷Ìõ¼þµÈ(Malaeb et al., 2011).Ĥ²ÄÁ϶ÔÓÚRO/NFµÄ·ÖÀëЧ¹ûÊ®·ÖÖØÒª, ÀíÏëµÄĤ²ÄÁÏÓ¦¿¹»¯Ñ§¸¯Ê´, »úе½á¹¹Îȶ¨, ÊÙÃü³¤, Ŀǰʵ¼ÊÓ¦ÓÃ×î¶àµÄÊǾÛõ£°·Ä¤.²»Í¬²ÄÁϵÄĤ¶ÔͬÖÖECsµÄ½ØÁôЧ¹û²»Í¬, ͬÖÖĤ¶Ô²»Í¬ECsµÄ½ØÁôЧ¹ûÒ²²»Í¬, Ñо¿Ä¤·ÖÀë»úÀí¼°ÆäÓëÓлú»¯ºÏÎﻯѧ½á¹¹µÄ¹Øϵ¶ÔÉè¼ÆºÍ¿ØÖÆRO/NF¹¤ÒÕÖÁ¹ØÖØÒª.
µÍѹĤÈç΢ÂË(MF)ĤºÍ³¬ÂË(UF)ĤÓÉÓÚ¿×¾¶½Ï´ó, ²»×ãÒÔ½ØÁô´ó²¿·ÖECs, µ«ÒòΪÎÛË®´¦Àí³§¶þ¼¶³öË®ÖÐÈÔº¬ÓÐÏà¶Ô½Ï¸ßŨ¶ÈµÄÓлúÎï(TOC¸ß´ï10 mg¡¤L-1), »á¶ÔNF/ROµÄ½ØÁôЧ¹ûÔì³É²»ÀûÓ°Ïì, ËùÒÔMF/UF¾­³£×÷ΪNF/ROµÄÇ°´¦Àí¹¤ÒÕ.ÓлúÎïÊǵ¼ÖÂĤÎÛȾµÄÖ÷ÒªÔ­Òò, ³¤ÆÚÔËÐÐʱ»áÔì³ÉNF/ROĤͨÁ¿Ï½µ¡¢½ØÁôЧ¹û½µµÍ, Òò´ËÔÚ´¦Àí¶þ¼¶³öˮʱ, ²ÉÓÃMF/UF×÷Ϊǰ´¦Àí¹¤ÒÕ, ¶ÔÓÚά³ÖNF/ROµÄ³¤ÆÚÎȶ¨ÔËÐÐÊ®·Ö±ØÒª.ΪÖƱ¸¸ßÆ·ÖÊÔÙÉúË®, һЩÎÛË®´¦Àí³§ÒѾ­ÔÚ¶þ¼¶´¦Àí³öˮ֮ºó, ²ÉÓÃNF/RO¼¼Êõ×÷Ϊ¸ß¼¶´¦Àí¹¤ÒÕ(Semi?o et al., 2010).ÈçмÓƵÄÐÂÉúË®³§(NEWater), ²ÉÓÃMF-RO-UV¹¤ÒÕÀ´´¦ÀíÎÛË®´¦Àí³§¶þ¼¶³öË®, ÔÙÉúË®²úÁ¿75000 m3¡¤d-1, ´¦ÀíºóµÄË®ÖÐÅ©Ò©µÄŨ¶ÈµÍÓÚ100 ng¡¤L-1, ͬʱ¶ÔTOCµÄÈ¥³ýÂʸßÓÚ99%(½øË®TOC 12 mg¡¤L-1)(Tortajada, 2006; Seah et al., 2003; Singapore Public Utilities Board, 2002)£»ÐÐÀîµãÔÙÉúË®³§(Luggage Point water Reclamation Plant)²ÉÓÃMF-BW30 ROĤ(¾Ûõ£°·Ä¤)´¦ÀíÎÛË®´¦Àí³§µÄ³öË®, ×î´óË®²úÁ¿ÊÇ10600 m3¡¤d-1, MF¶ÔECs¼¸ºõûÓÐÈκνØÁô×÷ÓÃ, RO¶ÔËáÐÔÒ©Îï(Èç²¼Âå·Ò)µÄ½ØÁôÂʺܸß(30%~100%), ÇÒ½ØÁôÂÊËæÓлúÎïµÄÐÁ´¼Ë®·ÖÅäϵÊý(logKow)ºÍËá¶ÈϵÊý(pKa)µÄÔö¼Ó¶øÔö¼Ó, ¶ÔÖÐÐÔÒ©Îï(È翨ÂíÎ÷ƽ)µÄ½ØÁôÂÊÔÚ63%~100%, ¶ÔEDCs(ÈçBPA)µÄ½ØÁôЧ¹ûËæÎïÖÊÌØÐԵIJ»Í¬¶ø²»Í¬(0~100%)(Al-Rifai et al., 2007£»Al-Rifai, 2008)£»·¨¹ú°ÍÀèµÄM¨¦ry-sur-OiseË®Öʾ»»¯³§²ÉÓÃMF-NF¹¤ÒÕ´¦ÀíÍß×ȺӺÓË®ÓÃÓÚ¾ÓÃñÖ±ÒûË®, ×î´óË®²úÁ¿340000 m3¡¤d-1, ²ÉÓÃ9120¸öDF-NF200Ĥ×é¼þ(¾Ûõ£°·Ä¤), ¶ÔÅ©Ò©µÄ½ØÁôÂʺܸß, ´¦Àí³öË®Öеĵ¥ÖÖũҩŨ¶ÈµÍÓÚ100 ng¡¤L-1, ×ÜũҩŨ¶ÈµÍÓÚ500 ng¡¤L-1, TOCÔ¼2 mg¡¤L-1, Ïû¶¾¸±²úÎï(DBP)µÄŨ¶ÈµÍÓÚ90 ¦Ìg¡¤L-1(Cyna et al., 2002; Semi?o et al., 2010).
Ä¿Ç°½«NF/RO¼¼Êõ×÷Ϊʵ¼ÊÎÛË®´¦Àí³§µÄÉý¼¶¸ÄÔ칤Òյı¨µÀ²¢²»¶à, ÆäÖ÷ÒªÏÞÖÆÒòËØÊÇÄܺĽϸߡ¢Ä¤ÎÛȾÒÔ¼°Ä¤·ÖÀë¹ý³ÌÖвúÉú´óÁ¿ÐèÒª´¦ÀíµÄŨËõÒºµÈ.¶ÔÓڽϴó¹æÄ£µÄÎÛË®´¦Àí³§, NFµÄÓõçÁ¿Ô¼1 kWh¡¤m-3, ROÔ¼3 kWh¡¤m-3.ĤÎÛȾÊÇĤ·ÖÀë¼¼ÊõÔËÐйý³ÌÖÐ×îÑϾþµÄÌôÕ½, ÓÃÓÚ»¯Ñ§ÇåÏ´µÄÏû¶¾¼ÁÂÈ°·ÈÝÒ×ÓëNDMAÇ°ÇýÎï·´Ó¦Éú³ÉÓж¾¸±²úÎïNDMA.ÁíÍâ, NF/ROͨ³£»á²úÉú½Ï´óÁ¿µÄ¸ßŨ¶ÈŨËõ·ÏÒº, ¿ÉÕ¼½øˮˮÁ¿µÄ35%, ÎÛȾÎïŨ¶ÈÊǽøË®µÄ4~10±¶, ÕâÐèÒª½øÒ»²½µÄ´¦ÀíºÍ´¦ÖÃ.ŨËõÒºµÄ´¦ÀíÎÊÌâÊÇNF/ROÔËÐеÄÒ»´óÌôÕ½, ÓëһЩ¸ß¼¶Ñõ»¯¹¤ÒÕÁªºÏÊǽâ¾öÕâÒ»ÎÊÌâµÄÓÐЧ·½·¨, µ«¶ÔÓÚʵ¼ÊÓ¦ÓÃÀ´ËµÐ迼ÂǾ­¼Ã¿ÉÐÐÐÔ(Ganiyu et al., 2015).
3.4 ×ÛºÏÆÀ¼ÛPACÎü¸½¡¢³ôÑõÑõ»¯ºÍNF/RO¹¤ÒÕ¶¼ÄÜʵÏÖ¶ÔECsµÄÓÐЧȥ³ý, ¶Ô±È²»Í¬¹ú¼ÒËùÓü¼ÊõµÄÈ¥³ýЧ¹ûºÍ¾­¼Ã³É±¾Ê®·ÖÀ§ÄÑ, ÒòΪÿ¸ö´¦Àí¹¤ÒյĹæÄ£¡¢Ë®ÖÊ¡¢Ä¿±êÎÛȾÎï¡¢²Ù×÷Ìõ¼þµÈ¶¼²»Ïàͬ.ͼ 3¸ø³öÁ˲»Í¬µÄECsÈ¥³ý¼¼Êõ¼äµÄЧ¹ûºÍ³É±¾µÄ´ÖÂÔ¶Ô±È, ¸Ã±¨¸æÀ´×ÔÓÚ˹µÂ¸ç¶ûĦˮÎñ¹«Ë¾µÄÒ»¸ö³ÖÐøËÄÄêµÄÑо¿ÏîÄ¿"Ò©Æ·-¼ì³öÓëË®»·¾³Ó°Ïì¡¢Ô¤·À´ëÊ©ºÍ¿ÉÐд¦Àí¼¼Êõ"(Wahlberg et al., 2010).´Óͼ 3¿ÉÒÔ¿´³ö, ×î¾­¼ÃÓÐЧµÄÈ¥³ý¼¼ÊõÊdzôÑõÑõ»¯ºÍACÎü¸½, ²ÉÓóôÑõÑõ»¯µÄ¶îÍâ³É±¾½öÌá¸ßÁË0.06€¡¤m-3, ×ܳɱ¾Ìá¸ßÁË35%, ²ÉÓóôÑõÑõ»¯µÄ×ܳɱ¾½öÊDzÉÓÃACÎü¸½×ܳɱ¾µÄ50%×óÓÒ.È»¶øÈðÊ¿²ÉÓÃPACºÍ³ôÑõÑõ»¯¼¼ÊõµÄ´ó¹æÄ£ÎÛË®´¦Àí³§µÄʵ¼ù±íÃ÷, ÕâÁ½ÖÖ¼¼Êõ¾ù¿ÉÒԶԴ󲿷ÖECs´ïµ½80%ÒÔÉϵÄÈ¥³ýÂÊ, ÇÒÁ½ÖÖ¼¼ÊõµÄ³É±¾¼¸ºõ³Öƽ, ¶ÔÓÚС¹æÄ£ÎÛË®´¦Àí³§, Éý¼¶¸ÄÔìºóµÄ×ܳɱ¾½«Ìá¸ß20%~50%, ¶ø¶ÔÓÚ´ó¹æÄ£ÎÛË®´¦Àí³§, ×ܳɱ¾½öÌá¸ß10%~20%.
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