3.上海污染控制与生态安全研究院,上海 200092
1.State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
2.Shanghai Municipal Engineering Design Institute (Group) Co. Ltd., Shanghai 200092, China
3.Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
)处理天津市某污泥厂污泥强化厌氧释磷上清液,探究不同培养时间下鸟粪石结晶成粒情况并系统分析收获的鸟粪石颗粒品质。结果表明,在反应周期内,磷回收率达到95%,鸟粪石颗粒平均粒径随反应时间逐渐增大,由最初的0.340 mm增至0.563 mm,纯度均在90%左右,颗粒形貌呈不规则短柱状。采用visual Minteq3软件模拟、X射线衍射光谱(EDX)分析和拉曼光谱等手段进行分析发现,鸟粪石颗粒含有无定形磷酸钙(ACP, Ca
)及少量有机物等杂质沉淀。回收的鸟粪石颗粒中Pb、As、Cr等重金属含量均低于现行国家化肥控制标准(GB/T 23349-2009)限值,Hg和Cd均未检出。因此,该中试工艺中的鸟粪石有较好的回收利用价值。经济分析结果表明,鸟粪石结晶成粒技术回收每吨污泥厌氧消化上清液中磷的成本为0.46元。
In order to explore the application of struvite crystallization technology in actual engineering and the possibility of recycled struvite as a slow release fertilizer, a large pilot-scale struvite fluidized bed reactor (25 m
) was used to recover phosphorus from the enhanced anaerobic phosphorus release supernatants derived from a sludge treatment plant in Tianjin. Struvite crystallization at different reaction times was investigated and the quality of harvested struvite pellet was systematically analyzed. The results indicate that the recovery efficiency of
-P was around 95%. The average crystal size of struvite increased from 0.340 mm to 0.563 mm with the increase of reaction time. The purity of struvite reached 90% and it particle morphology was irregular column. Analysis by Raman spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and software visual Minteq3 showed that some impure precipitates of calcite, amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP, Ca
O) and little organic compounds occurred in struvite. The contents of heavy metals such as Pb、As、Cr were below the limits of heavy metal contents regulated by the current fertilizer control standards in China (GB/T 23349-2009). Mercury (Hg) and cadmium (Cd) were not detected. Therefore, the harvested struvite had good recovery and application value. Economic analysis indicates that the cost of struvite crystallization technology for phosphorus recovery is 0.46 yuan·t
anaerobic digestion supernatant.
.
Schematic diagram of the pilot-scale struvite pellet crystallization system
Influent and effluent concentrations of each component and their removal efficiency
Cumulative distribution of struvite pellet size
XRD patterns of the harvested struvite pellets
SEM images of the harvested struvite pellets
Raman spectra of MAP pellets
Comparison of heavy metals content in struvite and heavy metal limits in fertilizer
[1] | GILBERT N. Environment: The disappearing nutrient[J]. Nature, 2009, 461: 716-718. |
[2] | CORDELL D, DRANGERT J O, WHITE S. The story of phosphorus: Global food security and food for thought[J]. Global Environment Change: Human and Policy Dimensions, 2009, 19: 292-305. |
[3] | RYU H D, LIM C S, KANG M K, et al. Evaluation of struvite obtained from semiconductor wastewater as a fertilizer in cultivating Chinese cabbage[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2012, 221-222: 248-255. |
[4] | 吴健, 平倩, 李咏梅. 鸟粪石结晶成粒技术回收污泥液中磷的中试研究[J]. 中国环境科学, 2017, 37(3): 941-947. |
[5] | UENO Y, FUJII M. Three years experience of operating and selling recovered struvite from full-scale plant[J]. Environmental Technology, 2001, 22(11): 1373-1381. |
[6] | MAVINIC D S, KOCH F A, HUANG H, et al. Phosphorus recovery from anaerobic digester supernatants using a pilot-scale struvite crystallization process[J]. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science, 2007, 6(5): 561-571. |
[7] | BATTISTONI P, PACI B, FATONE F, et al. Phosphorus removal from anaerobic supernatants: Start-up and steady-state conditions of a fluidized bed reactor full-scale plant[J]. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2006, 45(2): 663-669. |
[8] | JABR G, SAIDAN M, HMOUND A L. Phosphorus recovery by struvite formation from Al Samra municipal wastewater treatment plant in Jordan[J]. Desalination and Water Treatment, 2019, 146: 315-325. |
[9] | BATTISTONI P, BOCCADORO R, PAVAN P, et al. Struvite crystallisation in sludge dewatering supernatant using air stripping: The new full-scale plant at Treviso (Italy) sewage works[C]//Second International Conference on Recovery of Phosphates from Sewage and Animal Wastes. Noordwijkerhout, the Netherland, 2001: 12-14. |
[10] | MUNCH E V, BARR K. Controlled struvite crystallisation for removing phosphorus from anaerobic digester sidestreams[J]. Water Research, 2001, 35(1): 151-159. |
[11] | 李咏梅, 平倩, 马璐艳. 鸟粪石成粒法回收污泥液中的磷及颗粒品质表征[J]. 同济大学学报(自然科学版), 2014, 42(6): 912-917. |
[12] | LIU Z, ZHAO Q, WEI L, et al. Effect of struvite seed crystal on MAP crystallization[J]. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 2011, 86: 1394-1398. |
[13] | 国家环境保护总局. 水和废水监测分析方法[M]. 4版. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 2002. |
[14] | HAO X D, WANG C C, LAN L. Struvite formation, analytical methods and effects of pH and Ca2+[J]. Water Science and Technology, 2008, 58(8): 1687-1692. |
[15] | IQBAL M, MAVINIC D S. Nucleation and growth kinetics of struvite in a ?uidized bed reactor[J]. Journal of Crystal Growth, 2008, 310: 1187-1194. |
[16] | MIN K J, KIM D, LEE J, et al. Characteristics of vegetable crop cultivation and nutrient releasing with struvite as a slow-release fertilizer[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2019, 26(33): 34332-34344. |
[17] | MASUDA T, OGINO I, MUKAI S R. Immobilization of magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals within microchannels for efficient ammonia removal[J]. Water Science and Technology, 2013, 67(2): 359-365. |
[18] | LI B, BOIARKINA I, YU W, et al. Phosphorous recovery through struvite crystallization: Challenges for future design[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 648: 1244-1256. |
[19] | CHO J H, LEE J E, RA C S. Microwave irradiation as a way to reutilize the recovered struvite slurry and to enhance system performance[J]. Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 2009, 51: 337-342. |
[20] | LAND L S. Failure to precipitate dolomite at 25 ℃ from dilute solution despite 1000-Fold oversaturation after 32 years[J]. Aquatic Geochemistry, 1998, 4(3): 361-368. |
[21] | ABBONA F, BARONNET A. A XRD and TEM study on the transformation of amorphous calcium phosphate in the presence of magnesium[J]. Journal of Crystal Growth, 1996, 165(1/2): 98-105. |
[22] | CAPDEVIELLEA A, SYKOROVA E, BISCANSC B, et al. Optimization of struvite precipitation in synthetic biologically treated swine wastewater: Determination of the optimal process parameters[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2013, 244-245: 357-269. |
[23] | EDWARDS H G M, VILLAR S E J, JEHLICKA J, et al. FT-Raman spectroscopic study of calcium-rich and magnesium-rich carbonate minerals[J]. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 2005, 61(10): 2273-2280. |
[24] | KAZANCI M, FRATZL P, KLAUSHOFER K. Complementary information on in vitro conversion of amorphous (precursor) calcium phosphate to hydroxyapatite from Raman microspectroscopy and wide-angle X-ray scattering[J]. Calcified Tissue Information, 2006, 79(5): 354-359. |
[25] | DOLLISH F R, FATELEY W G, BENTLEY F F. Characteristic Raman Frequencies of Organic Compounds[M]. Wiley: New York, NY, USA, 1974. |
[26] | RYU H D, LEE S I. Application of struvite precipitation as a pretreatment in treating swine wastewater[J]. Process Biochemistry, 2010, 45(4): 563-572. |
[27] | PING Q, LI Y M, WU X H, et al. Characterization of morphology and component of struvite pellets crystallized from sludge dewatering liquor: Effects of total suspended solid and phosphate concentrations[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2016, 310: 261-269. |
[28] | TANG C J, LIU Z G, PENG C, et al. New insights into the interaction between heavy metals and struvite: Struvite as platform for heterogeneous nucleation of heavy metal hydroxide[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2019, 365: 60-69. |
[29] | HUANG H M, LI B, LI J, et al. Influence of process parameters on the heavy metal (Zn2+, Cu2+ and Cr3+) content of struvite obtained from synthetic swine wastewater[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2019, 245: 658-665. |
[30] | LIN J R, CHEN N, PAN Y M. Arsenic incorporation in synthetic struvite (NH4MgPO4·6H2O): A synchrotron XAS and single-crystal EPR study[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2013, 47(22): 12728-12735. |
[31] | CHU D Y, YE Z L, CHEN S H, et al. Comparative study of heavy metal residues in struvite products recovered from swine wastewater using fluidised bed and stirred reactors[J]. Water Science Technology, 2018, 78(8): 1642-1651. |
[32] | NEGM N A, ALI H E. Modification of heavy metal uptake efficiency by modified chitosan/anionic surfactant systems[J]. Engineering in Life Sciences, 2010, 10(3): 218-224. |
[33] | DANESHGAR S, BUTTAFAVA A, CALLEGARI A, et al. Economic and energetic assessment of different phosphorus recovery options from aerobic sludge[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2019, 223: 729-738. |
[34] | SHU L, SCHNEIDER P, JEGATHEESAN V, et al. An economic evaluation of phosphorus recovery as struvite from digester supernatant[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2006, 97(17): 2211-2216. |
[35] | MOLINOS S M, HERNANDEZ S F, SALA G R, et al. Economic feasibility study for phosphorus recovery processes[J]. Ambio, 2011, 40(4): 408-416. |