摘要:通过田间试验，研究水旱轮作（冬小麦-夏水稻）中水稻秸秆全量还田条件下土壤改良培肥基质和复合菌剂配施对小麦土壤养分、土壤物理结构和土壤生物学性质及土壤微生物区系的影响，为快速土壤培肥、提高中低产农田产量提供实践基础和技术支持。试验于江苏省盐城市滨海县黄河湾项目基地进行，共设置五个处理：①土壤改良培肥基质+复合菌剂+常规化肥（MOS+CMA+CF）；②复合菌剂+常规化肥（CMA+CF）；③土壤改良培肥基质+常规化肥（MOS+CF）；④常规化肥（CF）；⑤不施肥对照（CK）。对小麦返青期（S1）、拔节孕穗期（S2）和成熟期（S3）分别进行土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性、微生物量碳氮和微生物区系分析。结果表明，与CK相比，MOS+CMA+CF处理能够在短时期内提高土壤速效养分含量（其中速效氮提高了23.59%、速效磷提高了40.74%、速效钾提高了43.78%），降低土壤容重，提高土壤孔隙度，显著提高土壤微生物量氮含量和土壤脲酶活性；同时，该处理还能在小麦返青期和拔节孕穗期增加土壤细菌和真菌多样性，提高微生物丰度，最终提高了小麦产量（与CK和CF相比，产量分别提高了149.29%和24.93%）。CMA+CF能够显著提高土壤纤维素酶活及土壤微生物量碳含量，表现出有较好的秸秆降解能力；并且在提高土壤理化指标含量、提高脲酶酶活、提高微生物量氮含量和小麦产量方面仅次于联合处理。由于MOS富含有机质，MOS+CF处理能够维持并提高土壤有机质含量、改善土壤物理环境。总之，短期内，MOS+CMA+CF处理提升土壤肥力，提高小麦产量的效果是最显著的；但CMA+CF处理在加速秸秆养分还田、改善土壤理化状况，增强微生物活性和丰富以及提高小麦产量方面也表现出优势，且复合菌剂经济方便有效，具有很好的田间技术推广价值。



Abstract:Study on the effects of total straw incorporation combined with soil modified fertilizer and compound microbial agent on soil nutrition, soil physical structure, and soil microorganism through rice-wheat rotation in the field can provide practical basis and technical support for rapid soil fertilization and improve medium-and low-yield farmland production. An experiment was carried out in the Yellow River Bay Project Base of Binhai County, Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province. Five treatments were set up including ① modified organic substrate (MOS)+compound microbial agents (CMA)+chemical fertilizer (CF); ② CMA+CF; ③ MOS+CF; ④ CF; and ⑤ control check (CK). During the whole growth stage of wheat, soil chemical and physical properties, enzyme activities, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, and microbial diversity were analyzed with the soil samples origin from wheat greening (S1), wheat jointing and booting (S2), and wheat maturity (S3). The results showed that compared with CK, MOS+CMA+CF treatment could increase soil available nutrient content in a short time with available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium increased by 23.59%, 40.74% and 43.78%, respectively, as well as decrease soil bulk density, increase soil porosity, and significantly increase soil microbial biomass nitrogen content and soil urease activity. MOS+CMA+CF could also increase the diversity and abundance of soil bacteria and fungi at the earlier wheat growth stage, and finally increase wheat yield (compared with CF and CK, wheat yield increased by 24.93% and 149.29%). CMA+CF could significantly improve soil cellulase activity and soil microbial biomass carbon content, indicating better straw degradation ability. MOS was rich in organic matter, which could maintain and improve soil organic matter content and improve soil physical environment. In general, MOS+CMA+CF treatment was the most significant treatment for improving soil fertility and increasing wheat yield in the short term. While CMA+CF treatment showed advantages in accelerating the degradation of returning straw and other soil properties. Compared with the large dosage and high price of MOS+CMA+CF treatment, CMA+CF treatment had a great application prospect to provide technical support for the development of medium-and low-yield farmland.





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