), 苏曼1, 周冲1, 杨艳1, 席雅琪1, 董群2 1 复旦大学心理学系
2 复旦大学老年大学, 上海 200433
收稿日期:2017-10-05出版日期:2018-11-30发布日期:2018-10-30基金资助:* 教育部人文社会科学研究规划基金项目(11YJA190026);上海市浦江人才计划(15PJC015)Imagination inflation effect in older adults
ZHOU Chu1(), SU Man1, ZHOU Chong1, YANG Yan1, XI Yaqi1, DONG Qun2 1 Department of Psychology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
2 Senior Citizen School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
Received:2017-10-05Online:2018-11-30Published:2018-10-30摘要/Abstract
摘要： 通过2个实验探究想象膨胀范式下老年人的错误记忆特点及其认知机制。实验1采用经典想象膨胀实验范式, 考察老年人是否会产生比年轻人更大的想象膨胀错误记忆效应; 实验2引入情景特异性诱导技术, 进一步考察老年人的想象膨胀错误记忆可能的认知机制。研究结果表明：(1)老年人与年轻人均表现出显著的想象膨胀错误记忆, 但老年人并没有比年轻人产生更多的错误记忆; (2)当通过情景特异性诱导技术有效增加了老年人在事件想象过程中的内在细节数量后, 老年人的错误记忆显著上升。该结果揭示对事件情景的想象过程是想象膨胀错误记忆发生的关键环节, 老年人没有表现出明显的老化效应, 主要是由于该群体随年龄增长表现出在回忆/想象情景事件时内部细节缺乏这一特征所致。研究结果支持了建构性情景模拟假说和激活/监测理论。
图/表 9
表1目标事件列表
| A组事件 | B组事件 |
|---|---|
| 在某个公共场所中走失 | 爬树时被扎伤, 有人帮你下树 |
| 在学校/幼儿园被传染生病 | 偷偷穿大人的衣服 |
| 在朋友/邻居家中过夜 | 上课开小差被老师批评 |
| 找到父母丢失的物品(如钥匙等) | 和朋友出去玩儿, 很晚才回家 |
表1目标事件列表
| A组事件 | B组事件 |
|---|---|
| 在某个公共场所中走失 | 爬树时被扎伤, 有人帮你下树 |
| 在学校/幼儿园被传染生病 | 偷偷穿大人的衣服 |
| 在朋友/邻居家中过夜 | 上课开小差被老师批评 |
| 找到父母丢失的物品(如钥匙等) | 和朋友出去玩儿, 很晚才回家 |
图1两组被试对目标事件发生可能性评分的前后测对比
图1两组被试对目标事件发生可能性评分的前后测对比表2两组被试在目标事件上前后测的得分(M ± SD)
| 实验条件 | 前测 | 后测 |
|---|---|---|
| 老年人 | ||
| 想象事件 | 2.51 ± 1.69 | 3.79 ± 1.41 |
| 未想象事件 | 2.27 ± 1.23 | 2.90 ± 1.35 |
| 年轻人 | ||
| 想象事件 | 2.58 ± 0.79 | 3.82 ± 0.77 |
| 未想象事件 | 2.74 ± 1.28 | 3.08 ± 1.11 |
表2两组被试在目标事件上前后测的得分(M ± SD)
| 实验条件 | 前测 | 后测 |
|---|---|---|
| 老年人 | ||
| 想象事件 | 2.51 ± 1.69 | 3.79 ± 1.41 |
| 未想象事件 | 2.27 ± 1.23 | 2.90 ± 1.35 |
| 年轻人 | ||
| 想象事件 | 2.58 ± 0.79 | 3.82 ± 0.77 |
| 未想象事件 | 2.74 ± 1.28 | 3.08 ± 1.11 |
图2不同诱导条件下老年被试对目标事件发生可能性评分的前后测变化
图2不同诱导条件下老年被试对目标事件发生可能性评分的前后测变化表3两种诱导条件下老年被试在目标事件上前后测的得分(M ± SD)
| 实验条件 | 前测 | 后测 |
|---|---|---|
| 情景特异性诱导组 | ||
| 想象条件 | 2.17 ± 1.00 | 4.43 ± 1.11 |
| 未想象条件 | 2.71 ± 1.16 | 3.39 ± 1.16 |
| 控制性诱导组 | ||
| 想象条件 | 2.57 ± 1.26 | 4.06 ± 1.18 |
| 未想象条件 | 2.71 ± 1.30 | 3.05 ± 1.18 |
表3两种诱导条件下老年被试在目标事件上前后测的得分(M ± SD)
| 实验条件 | 前测 | 后测 |
|---|---|---|
| 情景特异性诱导组 | ||
| 想象条件 | 2.17 ± 1.00 | 4.43 ± 1.11 |
| 未想象条件 | 2.71 ± 1.16 | 3.39 ± 1.16 |
| 控制性诱导组 | ||
| 想象条件 | 2.57 ± 1.26 | 4.06 ± 1.18 |
| 未想象条件 | 2.71 ± 1.30 | 3.05 ± 1.18 |
图3情景特异性诱导组和控制性诱导组老年人前后测的评分差异注：**p < 0.01, 误差线代表标准差
图3情景特异性诱导组和控制性诱导组老年人前后测的评分差异注：**p < 0.01, 误差线代表标准差
图4不同诱导条件下年轻被试对目标事件发生可能性评分的前后测变化
图4不同诱导条件下年轻被试对目标事件发生可能性评分的前后测变化表4两种诱导条件下年轻被试在目标事件上前后测的得分(M ± SD)
| 实验条件 | 前测 | 后测 |
|---|---|---|
| 情景特异性诱导组 | ||
| 想象条件 | 4.03 ± 1.07 | 5.07 ± 1.32 |
| 未想象条件 | 4.24 ± 1.29 | 4.51 ± 1.11 |
| 控制性诱导组 | ||
| 想象条件 | 4.73 ± 1.17 | 4.60 ± 1.06 |
| 未想象条件 | 4.20 ± 1.17 | 4.28 ± 1.12 |
表4两种诱导条件下年轻被试在目标事件上前后测的得分(M ± SD)
| 实验条件 | 前测 | 后测 |
|---|---|---|
| 情景特异性诱导组 | ||
| 想象条件 | 4.03 ± 1.07 | 5.07 ± 1.32 |
| 未想象条件 | 4.24 ± 1.29 | 4.51 ± 1.11 |
| 控制性诱导组 | ||
| 想象条件 | 4.73 ± 1.17 | 4.60 ± 1.06 |
| 未想象条件 | 4.20 ± 1.17 | 4.28 ± 1.12 |
图5两组年轻被试对想象和未想象事件前后测的评分差异注：***p < 0.001, 误差线代表标准差
图5两组年轻被试对想象和未想象事件前后测的评分差异注：***p < 0.001, 误差线代表标准差参考文献 37
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