) 兰州大学管理学院, 兰州 730000
收稿日期:2018-05-28出版日期:2018-11-30发布日期:2018-10-30基金资助:* 国家社会科学基金重点项目(14AGL013);国家自然科学基金青年项目(71502075);中央高校自由探索项目(16LZUJBWYJ005)资助The influence and mechanism of external environment resource scarcity on employees remuneration preference
SHAO Jianping, HAN Xue, LIU Wumei() School of Management, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
Received:2018-05-28Online:2018-11-30Published:2018-10-30摘要/Abstract
摘要： 以往关于时间与金钱奖励选择问题的探讨主要从员工工龄视角着手。但这一视角不能直接解释外部环境资源短缺时, 员工对时间与金钱奖励选择偏好的差异问题。本文依据生命史理论, 探讨外部环境资源(如就业资源和自然资源)短缺与否对员工选择时间和金钱奖励偏好的影响及内在机制。本文以即将步入职场的大学生和企业员工为样本, 发现不管是外在就业资源短缺还是外在自然资源短缺都会促使员工更加偏好金钱而非时间奖励, 内在机制是外部环境资源短缺时人们的心理表征更具体, 并且这一现象在高物质主义者身上更为明显(实验1和2)。本文结尾讨论了对资源短缺、时间和金钱等研究领域的理论突破与推进。
图/表 6
表1实验1中心理表征中介效应分析步骤及结果
| 步骤 | 方程1/第一步(Y1) | 方程2/第二步(Y2) | 方程3/第三步(Y1) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exp (B) | S.E. | Wald | p | β | t | p | Exp (B) | S.E. | Wald | p | |
| X | 41.27 | 1.21 | 9.49 | 0.002 | 0.90 | 3.72 | <0.0001 | 2.35 | 2.55 | 0.11 | 0.737 |
| Mo | 23.25 | 0.57 | 30.25 | <0.00011 | 0.45 | 5.81 | <0.0001 | 52.656 | 1.78 | 4.97 | 0.026 |
| X × Mo | 0.21 | 0.74 | 4.51 | 0.034 | -0.72 | -2.96 | 0.004 | 1.14 | 1.54 | 0.01 | 0,931 |
| Me | 1.75 | 0.28 | 7.64 | 0.006 | |||||||
表1实验1中心理表征中介效应分析步骤及结果
| 步骤 | 方程1/第一步(Y1) | 方程2/第二步(Y2) | 方程3/第三步(Y1) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exp (B) | S.E. | Wald | p | β | t | p | Exp (B) | S.E. | Wald | p | |
| X | 41.27 | 1.21 | 9.49 | 0.002 | 0.90 | 3.72 | <0.0001 | 2.35 | 2.55 | 0.11 | 0.737 |
| Mo | 23.25 | 0.57 | 30.25 | <0.00011 | 0.45 | 5.81 | <0.0001 | 52.656 | 1.78 | 4.97 | 0.026 |
| X × Mo | 0.21 | 0.74 | 4.51 | 0.034 | -0.72 | -2.96 | 0.004 | 1.14 | 1.54 | 0.01 | 0,931 |
| Me | 1.75 | 0.28 | 7.64 | 0.006 | |||||||
图1实验1中不同外部就业资源水平下高物质主义价值观对薪酬奖励偏好示意图
图1实验1中不同外部就业资源水平下高物质主义价值观对薪酬奖励偏好示意图
图2实验1中不同外部就业资源水平下低物质主义价值观对薪酬奖励偏好示意图
图2实验1中不同外部就业资源水平下低物质主义价值观对薪酬奖励偏好示意图表2实验2中心理表征中介效应分析步骤及结果
| 步骤 | 方程1/第一步(Y1) | 方程2/第二步(Y2) | 方程3/第三步(Y1) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exp (B) | S.E. | Wald | p | β | t | p | Exp (B) | S.E. | Wald | p | |
| X | 32.81 | 5.32 | 8.15 | 0.004 | 0.99 | 2.62 | 0.010 | 31.58 | 10.91 | 1.93 | 0.165 |
| Mo | 1.56 | 0.12 | 14.49 | <0.0001 | 0.41 | 5.00 | <0.0001 | 1.64 | 0.20 | 5.95 | 0.015 |
| X × Mo | 0.72 | 0.13 | 7.09 | 0.008 | 0.79 | 2.10 | 0.038 | 0.74 | 0.25 | 1.46 | 0.226 |
| Me | 1.41 | 0.11 | 10.63 | 0.001 | |||||||
表2实验2中心理表征中介效应分析步骤及结果
| 步骤 | 方程1/第一步(Y1) | 方程2/第二步(Y2) | 方程3/第三步(Y1) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exp (B) | S.E. | Wald | p | β | t | p | Exp (B) | S.E. | Wald | p | |
| X | 32.81 | 5.32 | 8.15 | 0.004 | 0.99 | 2.62 | 0.010 | 31.58 | 10.91 | 1.93 | 0.165 |
| Mo | 1.56 | 0.12 | 14.49 | <0.0001 | 0.41 | 5.00 | <0.0001 | 1.64 | 0.20 | 5.95 | 0.015 |
| X × Mo | 0.72 | 0.13 | 7.09 | 0.008 | 0.79 | 2.10 | 0.038 | 0.74 | 0.25 | 1.46 | 0.226 |
| Me | 1.41 | 0.11 | 10.63 | 0.001 | |||||||
图3实验2中不同外部自然资源水平下高物质主义价值观对薪酬奖励偏好示意图
图3实验2中不同外部自然资源水平下高物质主义价值观对薪酬奖励偏好示意图
图4实验2中不同外部自然资源水平下低物质主义价值观对薪酬奖励偏好示意图
图4实验2中不同外部自然资源水平下低物质主义价值观对薪酬奖励偏好示意图参考文献 48
| 1 | Aaker J. L., Rudd M., & Mogilner C . ( 2011). If money does not make you happy, consider time. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 21( 2), 126-130. doi: 10.1016/j.jcps.2011.01.004URL |
| 2 | , Baron R. M., & Kenny D.A . ( 1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51( 6), 1173-1182. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173URL |
| 3 | , Belsky J..,& Pluess M., , (2009 a). Beyond diathesis stress: Differential susceptibility to environmental influences. Psychological Bulletin, 135( 6), 885-908. doi: 10.1037/a0017376URLpmid: 19883141 |
| 4 | , Belsky J., &Pluess M., ,( 2009b). The nature (and nurture?) of plasticity in early human development. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4( 4), 345-351. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01136.xURLpmid: 26158982 |
| 5 | Chan K., &Prendergast G. , ( 2007). Materialism and social comparison among adolescents. Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal, 35( 2), 213-228. doi: 10.2224/sbp.2007.35.2.213URL |
| 6 | Charnov E. L. ( 1993). Life history invariants:Some explorations of symmetry in evolutionary ecology.Oxford : Oxford University Press. |
| 7 | Ellis B. J., Figueredo A. J., Brumbach B. H., & Schlomer G. L . ( 2009). Fundamental dimensions of environmental risk: The impact of harsh versus unpredictable environments on the evolution and development of life history strategies. Human Nature, 20( 2), 204-268. doi: 10.1007/s12110-009-9063-7URLpmid: 25526958 |
| 8 | Fujita K., Trope Y., Liberman N., & Levin-Sagi M . ( 2006). Construal levels and self-control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90( 3), 351-367. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.90.3.351URLpmid: 3153425 |
| 9 | Griffin M. A., Parker S. K., & Mason C. M . ( 2010). Leader vision and the development of adaptive and proactive performance: A longitudinal study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95( 1), 174-182. doi: 10.1037/a0017263URLpmid: 20085414 |
| 10 | Griskevicius V., Ackerman J. M., Cantú S. M., Delton A. W., Robertson T. E., Simpson J. A., Thompson M. E., & Tybur J. M . ( 2013). When the economy falters, do people spend or save? Responses to resource scarcity depend on childhood environments. Psychological Science, 24( 2), 197-205. doi: 10.1177/0956797612451471URLpmid: 23302295 |
| 11 | Griskevicius V., Delton A. W., Robertson T. E., & Tybur J. M . ( 2011). Environmental contingency in life history strategies: Influences of mortality and socioeconomic status on reproductive timing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100( 2), 241-254. doi: 10.1037/a0021082URLpmid: 20873933 |
| 12 | Griskevicius V., Tybur J. M., Delton A. W., & Robertson T. E . ( 2011). The influence of mortality and socioeconomic status on risk and delayed rewards: A life history theory approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100( 6), 1015-1026. doi: 10.1037/a0022403URLpmid: 21299312 |
| 13 | De Hauw S. , & de Vos A. , ( 2010). Millennials’ career perspective and psychological contract expectations: does the recession lead to lowered expectations? Journal of Business and Psychology, 25( 2), 293-302. |
| 14 | Hill S. E., Rodeheffer C. D., Griskevicius V., Durante K., & White A. E . ( 2012). Boosting beauty in an economic decline: mating, spending, and the lipstick effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103( 2), 275-291. doi: 10.1037/a0028657URLpmid: 22642483 |
| 15 | Isen A. M.,& Patrick R. , ( 1982). The effect of positive feelings on risk taking: When the chips are down. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 31( 2), 194-202. doi: 10.1016/0030-5073(83)90120-4URL |
| 16 | Johnson T. W., & Grotts A.S . ( 2013). Millennial consumers’ status consumption of handbags. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 17( 3), 280-293. doi: 10.1108/JFMM-10-2011-0067URL |
| 17 | , Kahneman D., &Tversky A. , (1984). Choices, values and frames. American Psychologist, 39( 4), 341-350. |
| 18 | Kaplan H.S. &Gangestad S.W, . ( 2005). Life history theory and evolutionary psychology.The handbook of evolutionary psychology. .New York: John Wiley and Sons. doi: 10.1002/9780470939376.ch2URL |
| 19 | Kasser, T. & Ryan, R. M . ( 1993). A dark side of the american dream: Correlates of financial success as a central life aspiration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65( 2), 410-422. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.65.2.410URLpmid: 8366427 |
| 20 | Kasser T., Ryan R. M., & Zax M., Sameeroff A. J . ( 1995). The relations of maternal and social environments to late adolescents’ materialistic and prosocial values. Developmental Psychology, 31( 6), 907-914. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.31.6.907URL |
| 21 | Laran J., &Salerno A., ,( 2013). Life-History strategy, food choice, and caloric consumption. Psychological Science, 24( 2), 167-173. doi: 10.1177/0956797612450033URLpmid: 23302296 |
| 22 | Li L.F . ( 2016). The impact of money and time incentives on employee satisfaction: a psychological account perspective. Shanghai Normal University Master of Philosophy. |
| 23 | [ 李临风 . ( 2016). 金钱和时间激励对员工满意度的影响: 心理账户的视角. 上海师范大学.] |
| 24 | Li Y. C., Zhou T. R., & Zhou X . ( 2009). Construal level theory: From temporal distance to psychological distance. Advances in Psychological Science, 17( 04), 667-677. doi: 10.1360/972009-782URL |
| 25 | [ 李雁晨, 周庭锐, 周琇 . ( 2009). 解释水平理论: 从时间距离到心理距离. 心理科学进展, 17( 04), 667-677.] |
| 26 | , Liao J. Q. &Wang L. , (2008). The relationship between material value, money attitude and pay satisfaction. Applied Psychology, 14( 1), 8-13. |
| 27 | [ 廖江群, 王垒 . ( 2008). 物质主义价值观、金钱态度与薪酬满意度的关系研究. 应用心理学, 14( 1), 8-13.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-6020.2008.01.002URL |
| 28 | Liberman N. &Trope Y. , (1998). The role of feasibility and desirability considerations in near and distant future decisions: A test of temporal construal theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75( 1), 5-18. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.5URL |
| 29 | Liberman N., Trope Y., & Wakslak C . ( 2007). Construal level theory and consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 17( 2), 113-117. doi: 10.1016/S1057-7408(07)70017-7URL |
| 30 | Lin Z. C., &Wang Y., . ( 2015). Life history theory: An evolutionary perspective on human development. Advances in Psychological Science, 23( 4), 721-728. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2015.00721URL |
| 31 | [ 林镇超, 王燕 . ( 2015). 生命史理论: 进化视角下的生命发展观. 心理科学进展, 23( 4), 721-728.] doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2015.00721URL |
| 32 | Macdonnell R., & White K., , ( 2015). How construals of money versus time impact consumer charitable giving. Journal of Consumer Research, 42( 4) : 551-563. doi: 10.1093/jcr/ucv042URL |
| 33 | Mogilner C., &Aaker J. , ( 2009). “The time vs. money effect”: Shifting product attitudes and decisions through personal connection. Journal of Consumer Research, 36( 2), 277-291. doi: 10.1086%2F597161URL |
| 34 | Mogilner C., ( 2010). The pursuit of happiness: Time, Money, and Social Connection. Psychological Science, 21( 9), 1348-1354. doi: 10.1177/0956797610380696URLpmid: 20732902 |
| 35 | Muller D., Judd C. M., & Yzerbyt V. Y . ( 2005). When Moderation is Mediated and Mediation is Moderated. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89( 6), 852-863. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.89.6.852URLpmid: 16393020 |
| 36 | , OkadaE. M., & Hoch S.J . ( 2004). Spending time versus spending money. Journal of Consumer Research, 31( 2), 313-323. doi: 10.1086/422110URL |
| 37 | , Ortona G., & Scacciati F. , ( 1992). New experiments on the endowment effect. Journal of Economic Psychology, 13( 2), 277-296. |
| 38 | Peng Y. S., Wang X., Wu S., Jin S. H., & Sun R. F . ( 2016). A brief introduction of Life History Theory and its combination with social psychology: Moral behaviors as an example. Advances in Psychological Science, 24( 3), 464-474. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2016.00464URL |
| 39 | [ 彭芸爽, 王雪, 吴嵩, 金盛华, 孙荣芳 . ( 2016). 生命史理论概述及其与社会心理学的结合——以道德行为为例. 心理科学进展, 24( 3), 464-474.] |
| 40 | Richins, M. L . ( 2004). The Material Values Scale: Measurement Properties and Development of A Short Form. Journal of Consumer Research, 31( 1), 209-219. |
| 41 | RichinsM. L. ,& Dawson S. , ( 1992). A consumer values orientation for materialism and its measurement: Scale development and validation. Journal of Consumer Research, 19( 3), 303-316. doi: 10.1086/209304URL |
| 42 | , RobertsJ. A., & Clement A. , ( 2007). Materialism and satisfaction with over-all quality of life and eight life domains. Social Indicators Research, 82( 1), 79-92. doi: 10.1007/s11205-006-9015-0URL |
| 43 | Rudd M., Vohs K. D., & Aaker J . ( 2012). Awe Expands People’s Perception of Time, Alters Decision Making, and Enhances Well-Being. Psychological Science, 23( 10), 1130-1136. doi: 10.1177/0956797612438731URLpmid: 22886132 |
| 44 | Soman D.., ( 2001). The mental accounting of sunk time costs: Why time is not like money. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 14( 3), 169-185. doi: 10.1002/bdm.370URL |
| 45 | Tausig M., & Fenwick R ,( 1999). Recession and well-being. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 40( 1), 1-16. |
| 46 | Vallacher R. R., & Wegner D.M . ( 1989). Levels of personal agency: Individual variation in action identification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57( 4), 660-671. doi: 10.1515/cog-2015-0052URL |
| 47 | Vohs K. D., Mead N. L., & Goode M. R . ( 2006). The Psychological Consequences of Money. Science, 314( 5802), 1154-1156. doi: 10.1126/science.1132491URLpmid: 17110581 |
| 48 | Watson D., Clark L. A., & Tellegen A . ( 1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54( 6), 1063-1070. |
相关文章 7
| [1] | 吴诗玉;张宇英;胡青青. 第二语言阅读“熔断”假说的认知心理证据：在线篇章处理的范式[J]. 心理学报, 2017, 49(3): 285-295. |
| [2] | 马利军;张积家. 汉语动宾结构惯用语加工的基本单元：来自词切分的证据[J]. 心理学报, 2014, 46(6): 754-764. |
| [3] | 张盼;鲁忠义. 句子理解中颜色信息的心理表征[J]. 心理学报, 2013, 45(4): 406-415. |
| [4] | 张霞,刘鸣. 视觉表象操作加工的眼动实验研究[J]. 心理学报, 2009, 41(04): 305-315. |
| [5] | 丁国盛, MarcusTaft, 朱晓平. 汉语成字部件的心理表征[J]. 心理学报, 2000, 32(增刊): 21-26. |
| [6] | 王春茂,彭聃龄. 重复启动作业中词的语义透明度的作用[J]. 心理学报, 2000, 32(2): 127-132. |
| [7] | 陈永明,崔耀. 句子先提述的参与者在可提取性上的优势现象[J]. 心理学报, 1994, 26(2): 113-120. |
PDF全文下载地址:
http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/CN/article/downloadArticleFile.do?attachType=PDF&id=4328
